L'enjeu majeur pour les bibliothèques et archives numériques d'aujourd'hui est de permettre à tout usager une appropriation active de leurs fonds textuels et plus particulièrement audiovisuels. L'appropriation active implique l'adaptation des données audiovisuelles aux besoins et intérêts spécifiques d'un utilisateur ou d'un groupe d'utilisateurs. Analyse des contenus audiovisuels propose une étude du métalangage de description. Cet ensemble de modèles fonctionnels est un outil sémantique nécessaire à l'analyse concrète et personnelle d'un corpus de textes audiovisuels documentant l'univers du discours d'une archive audiovisuelle. Cet ouvrage dresse en premier lieu le cadre théorique et méthodologique de référence qui est celui de la sémiotique du texte audiovisuel. Les deux parties suivantes développent d'une manière détaillée et concrète, le travail de l'analyste d'un corpus audiovisuel à l'aide d'un métalangage de description. Enfin, les différents éléments métalinguistiques qui le composent sont analysés.

The digital libraries emerging from "information societies" no longer concern only digital technodocumentary devices that are patrimonial, cultural or scientific. Social networks and high-audience merchant sites share the same technologies, heterogeneous digital resources, offer identical user experience (UX) capabilities, and are born within the same communities of designers and engineers. These technology-induced recoveries nourish a usage fantasy that irrigates a transformation movement of innovation where use and user occupy a central place. The evolution of digital libraries does not constitute a disjointed set of singular innovations. They are the result of an innovation movement that gives them a specific dynamic and produces two major effects: empowering users and increasing their number. This book highlights and study that the combination of these effects is likely to have a positive impact not only from an economic point of view but more broadly from a social point of view. - Presents information from the society of information - Contains technologic and cognitive accessibility technologies - Provides information on Interoperability technologies

Cet ouvrage de synthèse sur les fondements théoriques et épistémologiques de la science de l’information répond à trois questions : – existe-t-il une science de l’information à part entière ? – comment se définit l’information, objet de cette science ? – y a-t-il une spécificité française de la science de l’information ? Ce livre compare les chemins parcourus par la science de l’information en France et dans le reste du monde. Il contextualise cette évolution à l’aune d’une diversité d’inscriptions disciplinaires. L’enjeu de la science de l’information est de concilier l’approche réaliste de la connaissance, l’approche individualiste des sciences cognitives et l’approche collectiviste où les domaines sont façonnés et les comportements sont modulés par les environnements, les cultures et les construits sociaux partagés. Cette étude sera utile à tous les chercheurs, étudiants et professionnels désirant approfondir leurs connaissances sur les fondements théoriques de la science de l’information.

The technological interoperability of digital libraries must be rethought in order to adapt to new uses and networks. Informative digital environments aimed at responding to heritage, cultural, scientific or commercial demands have taken over the global cyberspace and have redesigned the techno-informative landscape of the Web. However, while the technological models demonstrate their effectiveness and explain to a large extent the creation of digital libraries, archives and deposits, the subjacent concept of uses continues to cause debate. The information technologies used by heterogeneous digital libraries enable a technical interoperability of content. This is not enough to allow the adhesion of a public connected to very different information profiles and techniques. This book explores the avenues of a user-orientated interoperability where the questions of consultation interfaces and content description processes are studied. - Discusses Metadata as a resource for linking - Provides a practical approach - A valuable resource for anyone involved in digital library developments and digital collections and services

Comment une revendication féministe telle que la parité est-elle médiatisée ? Cet ouvrage expose le rôle joué par les médias dans la construction du problème de la sous-représentation des femmes en politique, dans l’orchestration du débat public et dans la sanction de l’action publique que ce problème suscite. Il établit les liens entre la manière dont le débat sur la parité s’est déroulé et la construction du genre en politique et étudie l’influence des dispositifs de communication sur cette dernière. De la presse à Internet : la parité en questions s’appuie sur une analyse de corpus variés (presse d’information générale, presse féminine, monographies autobiographiques ou sites web de campagne) pour étudier le déploiement de la parité dans l’espace public. Il considère à la fois les aspects langagiers, sociaux et techniques de ce déploiement.

Published at a time of unprecedented growth of interest in translation, the Dictionary of Translation Studies aims to present the insights of a number of different approaches to translation in an unbiased, non-partisan way. With more than 300 articles, this essential volume provides the reader with a snapshot of a rapidly developing discipline, based on work produced in serveral languages. With a clear, easy-to-follow layout, the Dictionary provides a comprehensive and highly accessible survey of key terms and concepts (such as Abusive Translation, Equivalence, Informationsangebot, Minimax Principle, Texteme and Thick Translation), types of activity (Autotranslation, Dubbing, Signed Language Interpreting), and schools and approaches (Leipzig School, Manipulation School, Nitra School). Each term is presented within the context in which it first occurred and is given a definition which is both clear and informative. Major entries include a discussion of relevant viewpoints as well as comments on how the usage and application of the term have developed subsequent to its coining. In addition, all entries provide suggestions for further reading, and there is an extensive bibliography included at the end. This is an indispensable tool for anyone studying or teaching translation at university level.

This book presents new and innovative ideas on the didactics of translation and interpreting. They include assessment methods and criteria, assessment of competences, graduate employability, placements, skills labs, the perceived skills gap between training and profession, the teaching of terminology, and curriculum design.

"Surveyed in this book are two centuries of struggles over water rights. Most conflicts have occurred when someone suddenly seized and redirected the flow of water away from another user. Usually disputes were resolved through an appeal process, but these often followed ditch-bank fights punctuated by blows from shovels." "Throughout the colonial period, access to water was a local issue and centered on maintaining the community acequia or ditch. Then beginning in the last quarter of the nineteenth century, competition for water intensified. Community-based decision-making gave way to district court hearings and the emergence of new legal principles - all arising out of claims advanced by those seeking large-scale irrigation development. In 1907 control was given to an appointed water engineer in a new legislative code, which still remains the foundation of water law in New Mexico."--BOOK JACKET.Title Summary field provided by Blackwell North America, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Today, audiovisual archives and libraries have become very popular especially in the field of collecting, preserving and transmitting cultural heritage. However, the data in these archives or libraries - videos, images, soundtracks, etc. - constitute as such only potential cognitive resources for a given public (or “target community”). One of the most crucial issues of digital audiovisual libraries is indeed to enable users to actively appropriate audiovisual resources for their own concern (in research, education or any other professional or non-professional context). This means, an adaptation of the audiovisual data to the specific needs of a user or user group can be represented by small and closed "communities" as well as by networks of open communities around the globe. "Active appropriation" is, basically speaking, the use of existing digital audiovisual resources by users or user communities according to their expectations, needs, interests or desires. This process presupposes: 1) the definition and development of models or "scenarios" of cognitive processing of videos by the user; 2) the availability of tools necessary for defining, developing, reusing and sharing meta-linguistic resources such as thesauruses, ontologies or description models by users or user communities. Both aspects are central to the so-called semiotic turn in dealing with digital (audiovisual) texts, corpora of texts or again entire (audiovisual) archives and libraries. They demonstrate practically and theoretically the well-known “from data to metadata” or “from (simple) information to (relevant) knowledge” problem, which obviously directly influences the effective use, social impact and relevancy, and therefore also the future, of digital knowledge archives. This book offers a systematic, comprehensive approach to these questions from a theoretical as well as practical point of view. Contents Part 1. The Practical, Technical and Theoretical Context 1. Analysis of an Audiovisual Resource. 2. The Audiovisual Semiotic Workshop (ASW) Studio – A Brief Presentation. 3. A Concrete Example of a Model for Describing Audiovisual Content. 4. Model of Description and Task of Analysis. Part 2. Tasks in Analyzing an Audiovisual Corpus 5. The Analytical Task of “Describing the Knowledge Object”. 6. The Analytical Task of “Contextualizing the Domain of Knowledge”. 7. The Analytical Task of “Analyzing the Discourse Production around a Subject”. Part 3. Procedures of Description 8. Definition of the Domain of Knowledge and Configuration of the Topical Structure. 9. The Procedure of Free Description of an Audiovisual Corpus. 10. The Procedure of Controlled Description of an Audiovisual Corpus. Part 4. The ASW System of Metalinguistic Resources 11. An Overview of the ASW Metalinguistic Resources. 12. The Meta-lexicon Representing the ASW Universe of Discourse.

Collective Intelligence and Digital Archives DIGITAL TOOLS AND USES SET Coordinated by Imad Saleh This book presents the most up-to-date research from different areas of digital archives to show how and why collective intelligence is being developed to organize and better communicate new masses of information. Current archive digitization projects produce an enormous amount of digital data (Big Data). Thanks to the proactive approach of large public institutions, this data is increasingly accessible. Despite the recent stabilization of technical and legal frameworks, the use of data has yet to be enriched by processes such as collective intelligence. By exploring the field of digital humanities, audiovisual archives, preservation of cultural heritage, crowdsourcing and the recovery of scientific archives, this book presents and analyzes concrete examples of collective intelligence for use in digital archives.