The first measurement of two-pion Bose-Einstein correlations in central Pb-Pb collisions at √sNN=2.76 TeV at the Large Hadron Collider is presented. We observe a growing trend with energy now not only for the longitudinal and the outward but also for the sideward pion source radius. The pion homogeneity volume and the decoupling time are significantly larger than those measured at RHIC.

Bose-Einstein correlations of??+ and?−?− pairs collected by the BNL-E866 Forward Spectrometer in 11.6 A·GeV/c Au + Au collisions have been measured. The data were analyzed using three-dimensional correlation functions parameterized by the Yano-Koonin-Potgoretskii and Bertsch-Pratt formalism to study transverse momentum dependent source parameters. Rapid decreases of longitudinal source radii and slower decreases in the transverse parameters with increasing transverse momentum were observed, which suggests a strong longitudinal and some transverse expansion. A freeze-out time?0 was derived as 4.5--5 fm/c, under the assumption of the freeze-out temperature T = 130 MeV, and the duration of emission was found to be?? H"2--4 fm/c.

Bose-Einstein correlations of[pi][sup+][pi][sup+] and[pi][sup[minus]][pi][sup[minus]] pairs collected by the BNL-E866 Forward Spectrometer in 11.6 A[center-dot]GeV/c Au+ Au collisions have been measured. The data were analyzed using three-dimensional correlation functions parameterized by the Yano-Koonin-Potgoretskii and Bertsch-Pratt formalism to study transverse momentum dependent source parameters. Rapid decreases of longitudinal source radii and slower decreases in the transverse parameters with increasing transverse momentum were observed, which suggests a strong longitudinal and some transverse expansion. A freeze-out time[tau][sub 0] was derived as 4.5--5 fm/c, under the assumption of the freeze-out temperature T= 130 MeV, and the duration of emission was found to be[delta][tau][approx] 2--4 fm/c.

Two probes of relativistic heavy ion collisions at 200 GeV/A are discussed. The extent of nuclear stopping via measurement of ''proton'' rapidity distributions is presented as a function of centrality. The amount of stopping seen is consistent with what is expected from proton-nucleus data at similar energies. Also, two- pion Bose-Einstein correlations are presented as a function of rapidity and relative transverse momentum. These results are discussed in terms of a simple hydrodynamical model.

The past decade has seen unprecedented developments in the understanding of relativistic fluid dynamics in and out of equilibrium, with connections to astrophysics, cosmology, string theory, quantum information, nuclear physics and condensed matter physics. Romatschke and Romatschke offer a powerful new framework for fluid dynamics, exploring its connections to kinetic theory, gauge/gravity duality and thermal quantum field theory. Numerical algorithms to solve the equations of motion of relativistic dissipative fluid dynamics as well as applications to various systems are discussed. In particular, the book contains a comprehensive review of the theory background necessary to apply fluid dynamics to simulate relativistic nuclear collisions, including comparisons of fluid simulation results to experimental data for relativistic lead-lead, proton-lead and proton-proton collisions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The book is an excellent resource for students and researchers working in nuclear physics, astrophysics, cosmology, quantum many-body systems and string theory.

This thesis presents the first measurement of charmed D0 meson production relative to the reaction plane in Pb–Pb collisions at the center-of-mass energy per nucleon-nucleon collision of √sNN = 2.76 TeV. It also showcases the measurement of the D0 production in p–Pb collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV with the ALICE detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. The measurement of the D0 azimuthal anisotropy with respect to the reaction plane indicates that low- momentum charm quarks participate in the collective expansion of the high-density, strongly interacting medium formed in ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions, despite their large mass. This behavior can be explained by charm hadronization via recombination with light quarks from the medium and collisional energy loss. The measurement of the D0 production in p–Pb collisions is crucial to separate the effect induced by cold nuclear matter from the final- state effects induced by the hot medium formed in Pb–Pb collisions. The D0 production in p–Pb collisions is consistent with the binary collision scaling of the production in pp collisions, demonstrating that the modification of the momentum distribution observed in Pb–Pb collisions with respect to pp is predominantly induced by final-state effects such as the charm energy loss.