Excerpt from Geological and Topographical Maps Their Interpretation and Use: A Handbook for the Geologist, and Civil Engineer Having frequently been asked by my students and others for a text-book dealing with the practical problems which are involved in the interpretation of maps, both geological and topographical, I have endeavoured in the following pages to give such descriptions and instructions as will enable the civil engineer and the student of geology to draw sections of the country depicted upon maps, and to ascertain the depth and thickness of the various strata of which it is built up, and their relations to the surface of the ground and to each other. The importance of a correct solution of this type of problem to the civil engineer, and to all others engaged in work which involves the making of excavations, need not be enlarged upon, and it is hoped that the present volume will be a help to them and' to teachers and students of geology and geography. It has been thought desirable to include a brief sum mary of the main structural features of rocks for the benefit of those readers who have been unable to obtain a systematic course of instruction in geology; but it is not intended that this should replace the fuller accounts to be found in the text-books of Physical Geology. The examples given in the illustrations have been, as far as possible, based upon actual districts in the British Isles, but occasionally it has been necessary to simplify these to some extent for the sake of clearness. In conclusion, I cannot too warmly express my thanks to Professor P. F. Kendall, under whose guidance I acquired my first knowledge of structural geology, and to whom therefore many of the ideas expressed in the present volume are due. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

Since its launch in 1987, the History of Cartography series has garnered critical acclaim and sparked a new generation of interdisciplinary scholarship. Cartography in the European Enlightenment, the highly anticipated fourth volume, offers a comprehensive overview of the cartographic practices of Europeans, Russians, and the Ottomans, both at home and in overseas territories, from 1650 to 1800. The social and intellectual changes that swept Enlightenment Europe also transformed many of its mapmaking practices. A new emphasis on geometric principles gave rise to improved tools for measuring and mapping the world, even as large-scale cartographic projects became possible under the aegis of powerful states. Yet older mapping practices persisted: Enlightenment cartography encompassed a wide variety of processes for making, circulating, and using maps of different types. The volume’s more than four hundred encyclopedic articles explore the era’s mapping, covering topics both detailed—such as geodetic surveying, thematic mapping, and map collecting—and broad, such as women and cartography, cartography and the economy, and the art and design of maps. Copious bibliographical references and nearly one thousand full-color illustrations complement the detailed entries.

Unlike some other reproductions of classic texts (1) We have not used OCR(Optical Character Recognition), as this leads to bad quality books with introduced typos. (2) In books where there are images such as portraits, maps, sketches etc We have endeavoured to keep the quality of these images, so they represent accurately the original artefact. Although occasionally there may be certain imperfections with these old texts, we feel they deserve to be made available for future generations to enjoy.