Excerpt from Geological and Topographical Maps Their Interpretation and Use: A Handbook for the Geologist, and Civil Engineer Having frequently been asked by my students and others for a text-book dealing with the practical problems which are involved in the interpretation of maps, both geological and topographical, I have endeavoured in the following pages to give such descriptions and instructions as will enable the civil engineer and the student of geology to draw sections of the country depicted upon maps, and to ascertain the depth and thickness of the various strata of which it is built up, and their relations to the surface of the ground and to each other. The importance of a correct solution of this type of problem to the civil engineer, and to all others engaged in work which involves the making of excavations, need not be enlarged upon, and it is hoped that the present volume will be a help to them and to teachers and students of geology and geography. It has been thought desirable to include a brief summary of the main structural features of rocks for the benefit of those readers who have been unable to obtain a systematic course of instruction in geology; but it is not intended that this should replace the fuller accounts to be found in the text-books of Physical Geology. The examples given in the illustrations have been, as far as possible, based upon actual districts in the British Isles, but occasionally it has been necessary to simplify these to some extent for the sake of clearness. In conclusion, I cannot too warmly express my thanks to Professor P. F. Kendall, under whose guidance I acquired my first knowledge of structural geology, and to whom therefore many of the ideas expressed in the present volume are due. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

Unlike some other reproductions of classic texts (1) We have not used OCR(Optical Character Recognition), as this leads to bad quality books with introduced typos. (2) In books where there are images such as portraits, maps, sketches etc We have endeavoured to keep the quality of these images, so they represent accurately the original artefact. Although occasionally there may be certain imperfections with these old texts, we feel they deserve to be made available for future generations to enjoy.

Geologic maps supply a wealth of information about the surface and shallow subsurface of the earth. The types of materials that are present in a location and the three-dimensional structure of the bedrock both can be gleaned from a clearly prepared geologic map. Geologists, civil and environmental engineers, land-use planners, soil scientists, and geographers commonly use geologic maps as a source of information to facilitate problem solving and identify the qualities of a region. Maps reveal the position of many types of natural hazards, indicate the suitability of the land surface for various uses, reveal problems that may be encountered in excavation, provide clues to the natural processes that shape an area, and help locate important natural resources. Suitable for lab courses in structural geology as well as field geology work, Spencer describes representative examples of features found on geologic maps and outlines procedures for interpretation and projection. Geometric techniques are explained using a step-by-step approach. Coverage of mapping methods includes tools that provide necessary data, such as Google Earth, GPS, GIS, LiDAR maps, drones, and aerial photographs. Challenging and engaging exercises throughout the text involve students in the mapping process and stimulate an appreciation of the extent and precision of information presented in geologic maps. Regional geology is an important component of lab and field mapping projects. As such, the Third Edition includes new maps of the Gulf of Mexico Coastal Plain, Rocky Mountain Front Range, Yellowstone region, Moab, Utah, Shenandoah National Park, and Hawai’i. A new chapter devoted to tectonic maps also broadens students’ exposure. Ed Spencer brings over 45 years of teaching experience to the text along with valuable insight and clarity into the interpretation and preparation of geologic maps.

Unlike some other reproductions of classic texts (1) We have not used OCR(Optical Character Recognition), as this leads to bad quality books with introduced typos. (2) In books where there are images such as portraits, maps, sketches etc We have endeavoured to keep the quality of these images, so they represent accurately the original artefact. Although occasionally there may be certain imperfections with these old texts, we feel they deserve to be made available for future generations to enjoy.