Technologically important metals and alloys have been strengthened throughout history by empirical means. The scientific bases of the central mechanisms of such forms of strengthening, developed over the past several decades are presented here through mechanistic models and associated experimental results.

Written by the leading experts in computational materials science, this handy reference concisely reviews the most important aspects of plasticity modeling: constitutive laws, phase transformations, texture methods, continuum approaches and damage mechanisms. As a result, it provides the knowledge needed to avoid failures in critical systems udner mechanical load. With its various application examples to micro- and macrostructure mechanics, this is an invaluable resource for mechanical engineers as well as for researchers wanting to improve on this method and extend its outreach.

KEY FEATURES: - A unified, fundamental and quantitative resource. The result of 5 years of investigation from researchers around the world - New data from a range of new techniques, including synchrotron radiation X-ray topography provide safer and surer methods of identifying deformation mechanisms - Informing the future direction of research in intermediate and high temperature processes by providing original treatment of dislocation climb DESCRIPTION: Thermally Activated Mechanisms in Crystal Plasticity is a unified, quantitative and fundamental resource for material scientists investigating the strength of metallic materials of various structures at extreme temperatures. Crystal plasticity is usually controlled by a limited number of elementary dislocation mechanisms, even in complex structures. Those which determine dislocation mobility and how it changes under the influence of stress and temperature are of key importance for understanding and predicting the strength of materials. The authors describe in a consistent way a variety of thermally activated microscopic mechanisms of dislocation mobility in a range of crystals. The principles of the mechanisms and equations of dislocation motion are revisited and new ones are proposed. These describe mostly friction forces on dislocations such as the lattice resistance to glide or those due to sessile cores, as well as dislocation cross-slip and climb. They are critically assessed by comparison with the best available experimental results of microstructural characterization, in situ straining experiments under an electron or a synchrotron beam, as well as accurate transient mechanical tests such as stress relaxation experiments. Some recent attempts at atomistic modeling of dislocation cores under stress and temperature are also considered since they offer a complementary description of core transformations and associated energy barriers. In addition to offering guidance and assistance for further experimentation, the book indicates new ways to extend the body of data in particular areas such as lattice resistance to glide.

Ni3Al, an L12 structure intermetallic crystal, is the basic composition of the [gamma]' precipitates in nickel-based superalloys and is a major strengthening mechanism contributing to the superalloys' outstanding high-temperature mechanical properties. Many L12-structure crystals present unusual macroscopic mechanical properties, including the anomalous temperature-dependence of yield strength and strain hardening rate. To date, extensive research has been carried out to reveal the underlying mechanisms. However, none of the resulting models has satisfactorily quantified the macroscopic behavior based on microscopic phenomena. Mechanism-based constitutive modeling and simulation provide an effective method in this respect, assisting in the understanding and development of current existing models, and potentially providing a convenient path for engineering applications. In light of recent theoretical developments and experimental evidence, a single-crystal continuum plasticity model for the L12-structure compound Ni3A1 is developed.

The completely revised Second Edition of Metallurgy for the Non-Metallurgist provides a solid understanding of the basic principles and current practices of metallurgy. This major new edition is for anyone who uses, makes, buys or tests metal products. For both beginners and others seeking a basic refresher, the new Second Edition of the popular Metallurgy for the Non-Metallurgist gives an all-new modern view on the basic principles and practices of metallurgy. This new edition is extensively updated with broader coverage of topics, new and improved illustrations, and more explanation of basic concepts. Why are cast irons so suitable for casting? Do some nonferrous alloys respond to heat treatment like steels? Why is corrosion so pernicious? These are questions that can be answered in this updated reference with many new illustrations, examples, and descriptions of basic metallurgy.

The service performance and life of metal parts are closely related to the surface integrity of materials. Shot peening (SP) is a well-known surface strengthening technique and is widely used for the improvement of the component surface integrity in industrial fields, such as aerospace,vehicle, construction machinery and etc. With the rapid development of science and technology, numerous new SP techniques have been developed from the conventional mechanical shot peening, such as the laser shock peening (LSP), ultrasonic shot peening (USP),surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT) and etc. Different from the other mechanical processing techniques, a considerable number of process parameters have an influence on the surface strengthening effects of shot-peened metal parts. Therefore, the selection of the SP process parameters with respect to the different metal parts has always been a challenge. With the rapid development of the computer technology, the numerical simulation has increasingly attracted the more and more attentions both from the academy and the industry. Compared to the experimental investigations, the numerical simulations are not only timesaving and economical, but also can provide an insight into the surface strengthening mechanisms of SP.

There are several textbooks and monographs on dislocations and the mechanical and physical properties of metals, but most of them discuss the topics in terms of more or less one-dimensional or scalar quantities. However, actual metallic materials are often three-dimensionally heterogeneous in their microstructure, and this heterogeneity has a significant impact on the macroscopic mechanical properties. With advances in computational technology, the complexity introduced by spatial heterogeneity in the microstructure of metals can now be explored using numerical methods. This book explains in simple terms the idea of extending the continuum mechanics theory of plastic deformation of crystals to three-dimensional analysis and applying it to the analysis of more realistic models of metal microstructures. This book links solid mechanics and materials science by providing clear physical pictures and mathematical models of plastic slip deformation and the accumulation of dislocations and atomic vacancies in metallic materials. Both monotonic and cyclic loading cases are considered.

Dislocation Based Crystal Plasticity: Theory and Computation at Micron and Submicron Scale provides a comprehensive introduction to the continuum and discreteness dislocation mechanism-based theories and computational methods of crystal plasticity at the micron and submicron scale. Sections cover the fundamental concept of conventional crystal plasticity theory at the macro-scale without size effect, strain gradient crystal plasticity theory based on Taylar law dislocation, mechanism at the mesoscale, phase-field theory of crystal plasticity, computation at the submicron scale, including single crystal plasticity theory, and the discrete-continuous model of crystal plasticity with three-dimensional discrete dislocation dynamics coupling finite element method (DDD-FEM). Three kinds of plastic deformation mechanisms for submicron pillars are systematically presented. Further sections discuss dislocation nucleation and starvation at high strain rate and temperature effect for dislocation annihilation mechanism. - Covers dislocation mechanism-based crystal plasticity theory and computation at the micron and submicron scale - Presents crystal plasticity theory without size effect - Deals with the 3D discrete-continuous (3D DCM) theoretic and computational model of crystal plasticity with 3D discrete dislocation dynamics (3D DDD) coupling finite element method (FEM) - Includes discrete dislocation mechanism-based theory and computation at the submicron scale with single arm source, coating micropillar, lower cyclic loading pillars, and dislocation starvation at the submicron scale

The title of this book is derived from a graduate course in which Professor Egon Orowan presented to M.I.T. students a clear and simple picture of the basic concepts in crystal plasticity and the mechanics of fracture of materials. Since the publication of his pioneering papers on dislocations and atomic mechanisms of fracture in the early 1930's,Professor Orowan has been one of the principal contributors to the field of physics of plasticity and strength. During the past 10 to 15 years, the perfection of many direct experimental methods has caused a great increase of activity in the elucidation of the effects of dislocations on mechanical and physical properties. Equally intensive activity is taking place in the field of physics and mechanics of fracture processes. Professor Ali Argon felt that the retirement of Professor Orowan from the M.I.T. faculty was an appropriate occasion to take stock of the developments in the immediate past and to produce a needed synthesis of this technologically important field. For this purpose he invited 37 of the world's leading figures in the field to contribute theoretical papers of original work. The 17 papers on the Physics of Plasticity fall into two categories: (1) Individual Dislocations and Basic Deformation Mechanisms, and (2) Hardening Mechanisms and Dislocation Dynamics. The 10 papers on the Physics of Strength concentrate on (1) Cracks and Fracture, and (2) Geology.