An exciting and unusual book first published in 1632, Rare Adventures and Painful Peregrinations has been a much-ignored masterpiece of global literature, though it is one of the world's great travel tales.Beginning his travels in the Orkney and Shetland Islands of Scotland, Lithgow soon went off to explore the Netherlands, Germany, Bohemia, France, and Italy. He then traveled throughout Greece, Egypt, and Malta before having a spin through Western Europe again and finally returning to Great Britain. Most notably, Lithgow survived torture by the Inquisition in Spain and later traveled throughout his native Scotland.AUTHOR BIO: One of the earliest world explorers and great men of literature, William Lithgow (1582-1645) completed his major work, The Total Discourse of the Rare Adventures and Painful Peregrinations of Long Nineteen Years Travayles in 1632. It was reprinted in 1906.

The author of this book, William Lithgow, a man who lived in the 16th century, famed for his journeys on foot across various parts of the world, including Spain, Turkey, France, and Egypt. Lithgow seems to have started his travels at a very early age, having 'a large infusion of the wandering spirit common to his country-men.' He claims that his 'painful feet traced over (beside my passages of Seas and Rivers) thirty-six thousand and odd miles, which draws near to twice the circumference of the whole Earth.'

These essays examine European travel writing from 1500 to 1800, with an emphasis on travel to the East Indies, Africa, and the Levant. By focusing on voyages to the East, the essays allow the voices of marginalised travellers to speak.

The figure of the renegade - a European Christian or Jew who had converted to Islam and was now serving the Ottoman sultan - is omnipresent in all genres produced by those early modern Christian Europeans who wrote about the Ottoman Empire. As few contemporaries failed to remark, converts were disproportionately represented among those who governed, administered, and fought for the sultan. Unsurprisingly, therefore, renegades have attracted considerable attention from historians of Europe as well as students of European literature. Until very recently, however, Ottomanists have been surprisingly silent on the presence of Christian-European converts in the Ottoman military-administrative elite. The Sultan's Renegades inserts these 'foreign' converts into the context of Ottoman elite life to reorient the discussion of these individuals away from the present focus on their exceptionality, towards a qualified appreciation of their place in the Ottoman imperial enterprise and the Empire's relations with its neighbours in Christian Europe. Drawing heavily on Central European sources, this study highlights the deep political, religious, and cultural entanglements between the Ottoman Empire and Christian Europe beyond the Mediterranean Basin as the 'shared world' par excellence. The existence of such trans-imperial subjects is not only symptomatic of the Empire's ability to attract and integrate people of a great diversity of backgrounds, it also illustrates the extent to which the Ottomans participated in processes of religious polarization usually considered typical of Christian Europe in this period. Nevertheless, Christian Europeans remained ambivalent about those they dismissed as apostates and traitors, frequently relying on them for support in the pursuit of familial and political interests.