Study conducted in Samastīpur District of Bihar, India.

Panchayats are local governments mandated in the Constitution of India. As per the Constitution, a three-tier structure of panchayats is in place across the country, excepting areas where Part IX of the Constitution does not apply. Panchayats are to be instituted, through elections every five years, except in States with a population of less than 20 lakh, where panchayats at two tiers may be created. The Constitution recognizes the gram sabha, i.e. all the electors in a village panchayat. The Constitution provides that seats and offices of chairpersons be reserved for scheduled castes (SCs) and scheduled tribes (STs) in proportion to their respective population, and not less than one-third seats and offices of the chairpersons be reserved for women, including within the SC and ST reservations. Women's increased political participation has yielded positive results. Issues central to development-including health, nutrition, family income and education-have taken center stage as women participate in panchayati raj institutions (PRIs), village development boards, and other governance structures. India has primarily relied upon this method of reservation to ensure women's presence in decision-making bodies. This has increased de jure, but not necessarily de facto, participation. There is a need to encourage women's participation in other kinds of groups and associations which contribute to an atmosphere of leadership by women. This book discusses the background and future possibilities of women and PRIs. [Subject: Gender Studies, India Studies, Constitutional Studies]

Case study with reference to Bīkāner District of Rajasthan, India.

With reference to Sitapur District, India.

Today One Of The Issues Of Concern Is The Level Of Women'S Participation In Political Life. In This Context Reservation Seats Is One Of The Instrument Of Political Empowerment For Women. Karnataka Has Been The First State To Introduce The Policy Of Reservation In The Panchayati Raj Institutions. It Is In This Context That The Study Had Been Taken Up And It Intended To Touch Upon Various Aspects Of Women'S Functioning In The Panchayati Raj Institutions Andits Impacts On The Overall Development Of Wormen Especially In The Rural Areas.