Included here is a summary of findings made by the author from infrared investigations of the surface chemistry of simple and complex oxide catalysts. The focus is on spectral characteristics of active sites on oxide surfaces, namely hydroxyl groups, coordinatively unsaturated cations, and surface oxygen. There is a detailed account of the method used for characterizing the oxidation state and coordination of cations on oxide surfaces by the adsorption of probe molecules. In addition, the role played by surface sites in surface-molecule adsorption is used to organize and classify data relating to the interaction of carbon, nitrogen, ammonia, and alkenes with surfaces of transition metal oxides and with supported or mixed oxides containing transition metal cations.

As in the study of transition metal complexes in solution, molecular spectroscopic methods - principally the infrared, ultraviolet/visible and electron spin resonance spectroscopies - have played key roles in establishing the concepts of coordination chemistry occurring at the surfaces of solids. This book describes the development of the principals of coordination chemistry of oxide surfaces using analyses of data obtained by these methods. The nature, properties, concentration of the surface adsorption centers and their influence on the character of interaction with different molecules are investigated. The book commences with an account of the basic theoretical principles and experimental techniques of the various spectroscopy methods, with special attention devoted to in situ measurements where the oxide or catalyst sample is in contact with the adsorbate or the reactant. A detailed account is presented of the methods for characterizing the oxidation state and degree of coordination of surface cations and oxygen anions by the adsorption of probe molecules. The complexation of many inorganic, organometallic and organic molecules with different oxide systems is critically examined, and a classification of formed surface compounds, based on the interaction with definite type of adsorption centers, is given. Possible mechanisms of numerous catalytic reactions, including the transformation of organic molecules over acidic catalysts via the carboionic mechanism, are discussed using the spectroscopic identifications of reaction intermediates. A comprehensive analysis of the literature on the interpretation of the spectra of surface compounds on oxides is presented. This highly illustrated and extensively referenced volume is intended for specialists working in the fields of surface physical chemistry, surface and materials sciences, and adsorption phenomena and is essential reading for those involved in the heterogeneous catalysis by transition metal-oxides.

Because of the rapid increase in commercially available Fouriertransform infrared spectrometers and computers over the past tenyears, it has now become feasible to use IR spectrometry tocharacterize very thin films at extended interfaces. At the sametime, interest in thin films has grown tremendously because ofapplications in microelectronics, sensors, catalysis, andnanotechnology. The Handbook of Infrared Spectroscopy of UltrathinFilms provides a practical guide to experimental methods,up-to-date theory, and considerable reference data, critical forscientists who want to measure and interpret IR spectra ofultrathin films. This authoritative volume also: Offers informationneeded to effectively apply IR spectroscopy to the analysis andevaluation of thin and ultrathin films on flat and rough surfacesand on powders at solid-gaseous, solid-liquid, liquid-gaseous,liquid-liquid, and solid-solid interfaces. Provides full discussion of theory underlying techniques Describes experimental methods in detail, including optimumconditions for recording spectra and the interpretation ofspectra Gives detailed information on equipment, accessories, andtechniques Provides IR spectroscopic data tables as appendixes, includingthe first compilation of published data on longitudinal frequenciesof different substances Covers new approaches, such as Surface Enhanced IR spectroscopy(SEIR), time-resolved FTIR spectroscopy, high-resolutionmicrospectroscopy and using synchotron radiation

Chemical industries are based on catalytic processes as both bulk and fine chemicals are often produced with heterogeneous catalysts. Transition metal ions dispersed on high-surface area inorganic solids are very important catalysts and a full characterization of these materials requires a profound knowledge of the oxidation state, coordination environment and dispersion of the metal ions on the catalyst surface. Such information can only be obtained by using a combination of complementary spectroscopic techniques. 'Spectroscopy of Transition metal ions on Surfaces' serves as an introduction to some of the most important spectroscopic techniques nowadays used for studying the chemistry and catalytic properties of transition metal ions on surfaces. The basic principles and the strengths and weaknesses of continuous wave electron spin resonance, pulsed electron spin resonance, solid state nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy are critically reviewed by internationally recognized experts. This gives the reader a solid background for judging literature results and for planning and conducting his/her own experiments. Each chapter closes with several relevant examples mainly from the recent literature. In addition, the use of in situ techniques and chemometrical techniques has been included because of its growing importance in catalyst characterization. As a consequence, the book has been written as a text not only for graduate students, but also for anyone else who is new in the field and wants a recent update. The following scientists have contributed to this textbook: Br.

In this book the author presents an up-to-date summary of existing information on the structure, electronic properties, chemistry and catalytic properties of transition metal oxides.The subjects covered in the book can be divided into three sections. The first (chapters 1 to 3) covers the structural, physical, magnetic, and electronic properties of transition metal oxides. Although the emphasis is on surface properties, relevant bulk properties are also discussed. The second section (chapters 4 to 7) covers surface chemical properties. It includes topics that describe the importance of surface coordinative unsaturation in adsorption, the formation of surface acidity and the role of acidity in determining surface chemical properties, the nature and reactivities of adsorbed oxygen, and the surface chemistry in the reduction of oxides. The third section (chapters 8 to 14) is on the catalytic properties. Various catalytic reactions including decomposition, hydrogenation, isomerization, metathesis, selective oxidation, and reactions involving carbon oxides are discussed. Emphasis is placed more on reaction mechanisms and the role of catalysts than on kinetics and processes. Chapters on the preparation of oxide catalysts and on photo-assisted processes are also included. Whenever appropriate, relationships between various topics are indicated.Written for surface physicists, chemists, and catalytic engineers, the book will serve as a useful source of information for investigators and as a comprehensive overview of the subject for graduate students.

'Spectroscopy in Catalysis' describes the most important modern analytical techniques used to investigate catalytic surfaces. These include electron spectroscopy (XPS, UPS, AES, EELS), ion spectroscopy (SIMS, SNMS, RBS, LEIS), vibrational spectroscopy (infrared, Raman, EELS), temperature-programmed techniques (TPR, TPO, TDS), diffraction (XRD, LEED, EXAFS), and microscopy (TEM, SEM, STEM, STM, AFM, FEM, and FIM). Each chapter uses current applications to illustrate the type of information that the technique provides and evaluates its possibilities and limitations. This second edition includes significant new developments, for example scanning probe microscopies, the imaging and vibrational techniques have been revised, the case studies expanded with an example on polymerization catalysts, and all the other chapters updated with recent examples and relevant new literature. From reviews of the First Edition: 'This is a truly valuable book ... very useful for industrial practitioners who need to be aware of the type of information that can be obtained from modern surface spectroscopies .... The book has a superb pedagogic value...' Journal of Catalysis '... this is an excellent text on spectroscopies in catalysis and I highly recommend it for ... introductory courses on heterogeneous catalysis or as a general introductory monograph.' Journal of the American Chemical Society

Adsorption on Ordered Surfaces of Ionic Solids and Thin Films introduces to a new and topical field of surface science for which rather little experience is available at present. It reviews the recent results of the employed analytical methods comprising all modern surface techniques including scanning tunneling microscopy and various kinds of electron spectroscopies. The present status of this new, clearly defined field of surface science is nearly completely overviewed by contributions from most of the research groups active in this field. The book is meant as a basis for the expected rapid development in this area with applications in catalysis, thin-film and semiconductor technology, sensors, electrochemistry, controlled preparation of ultrathin epitaxial surfaces, and interfaces of insultors as well as future molecular electronics.