The present volume represents the result of two years of work originally begun as a fifteen-member student project under my supervision at NASA - Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif ornia. As a means of acquainting team members with previous research related to our NASA experiments with long-term isolation and confine ment effects upon nonhuman primate behavior a weekly meeting was arranged for students to orally present abstracts of various articles they had read. As the number of references increased we decided to expand our efforts through several computer searches of the psychological, biological, anthropological, and medical liter ature. Upon completion of our experiments at NASA, three of the team members and myself decided to take this basic foundation, up date, expand and otherwise polish it into the present comprehensive reference tool we feel confident will be of value to investigators and scholars interested in the broad topic of nonhuman primate development as affected by early environmental influences. While ours is the only bibliography of this literature which includes both abstracts and indexing, several previous publications are worth noting as we found them particularly helpful in our own work. Those bibliographies, compiled by Agar and Mitchell (1973), Stoffer and Stoffer (1976), and Roy (1976, 1977), are excellent. In addition to the articles cited in these sources we have added approximately 400 more articles with abstracts and indexing.

The underlying theme uniting the papers of this volume is the quest for a further understanding of human behavior. The similarities between the behaviors of other primates and humans have captivated us even before a science arose. But what is the justification for making such comparisons? Comparisons, like classifications, can be made on any basis whatever. The aim in making any scientific comparison is the same as doing a classification. That is, one attempts to make the comparison on a "natural" basis. Natural, in this case, means that the comparison reflects processes that occur in nature. The fundamental paradigm for making natural comparisons in biology is based on evolutionary theory. The evolutionary paradigm is inherently one of comparisons between and within species. Conversely, it is impossible to begin to make cross species comparisons without making, implicitly at least, evolutionary arguments. But evolution is a complex construct of theories (Lewis, 1980), and comparisons can be made out of different theoretical bases. F or the sake of this discussion we can combine varieties of sub-theories into two categories: those having to do with descent with modification, and those concerned with the mechanics of evolutionary change--notably natural selection.

A 1985 amendment to the Animal Welfare Act requires those who keep nonhuman primates to develop and follow appropriate plans for promoting the animals' psychological well-being. The amendment, however, provides few specifics. The Psychological Well-Being of Nonhuman Primates recommends practical approaches to meeting those requirements. It focuses on what is known about the psychological needs of primates and makes suggestions for assessing and promoting their well-being. This volume examines the elements of an effective care programâ€"social companionship, opportunities for species-typical activity, housing and sanitation, and daily care routinesâ€"and provides a helpful checklist for designing a plan for promoting psychological well-being. The book provides a wealth of specific and useful information about the psychological attributes and needs of the most widely used and exhibited nonhuman primates. Readable and well-organized, it will be welcomed by animal care and use committees, facilities administrators, enforcement inspectors, animal advocates, researchers, veterinarians, and caretakers.

The ontogeny of each individual contributes to the physical, physiological, cognitive, neurobiological, and behavioral capacity to manage the complex social relationships and diverse foraging tasks that characterize the primate order. For these reasons Building Babies explores the dynamic multigenerational processes of primate development. The book is organized thematically along the developmental trajectory:conception, pregnancy, lactation, the mother-infant dyad, broader social relationships, and transitions to independence. In this volume, the authors showcase the myriad approaches to understanding primate developmental trajectories from both proximate and ultimate perspectives. These collected chapters provide insights from experimental manipulations in captive settings to long-term observations of wild-living populations and consider levels of analysis from molecule to organism to social group to taxon. Strepsirrhines, New World monkeys, Old World monkeys, apes, and humans are all well-represented. Contributions by anthropologists, microbiologists, psychologists, population geneticists, and other primate experts provide Building Babies a uniquely diverse voice. Building Babies features multi- and trans-disciplinary research approaches to primate developmental trajectories and is particularly useful for researchers and instructors in anthropology, animal behavior, psychology, and evolutionary biology. This book also serves as a supplement to upper-level undergraduate courses or graduate seminars on primate life history and development. In these contexts, the book provides exposure to a wide range of methodological and theoretical perspectives on developmental trajectories and models how researchers might productively integrate such approaches into their own work.

There is consensus among social scientists that human beings from infants to elderly people develop social relationships with multiple significant others. In fact, everyday observations of individuals reveal that even infants interact not only with their mother, but also with a variety of significant others. However, the attachment theory, which has dominated theories and empirical studies of social relationships, has argued for a narrower framework. In this special issue, four theoretical papers, each of which provides models of social interaction that go beyond the mother-child dyad, are presented. They theoretically contrast the attachment with the mother to relationships with multiple significant others, and show that models assessing multiple relationships to others are more predicative of subsequent social and emotional adjustment. Commentaries, including attachment theorists and anthropologists to deepen the discussion, are also presented. Researchers and students in developmental psychology, clinical psychology, and psychiatry as well as teachers, nurses and parents interested in these discussions will find in this issue essential theories that go beyond the mother-child dyad.

The present volume represents the result of two years of work originally begun as a fifteen-member student project under my supervision at NASA - Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif ornia. As a means of acquainting team members with previous research related to our NASA experiments with long-term isolation and confine ment effects upon nonhuman primate behavior a weekly meeting was arranged for students to orally present abstracts of various articles they had read. As the number of references increased we decided to expand our efforts through several computer searches of the psychological, biological, anthropological, and medical liter ature. Upon completion of our experiments at NASA, three of the team members and myself decided to take this basic foundation, up date, expand and otherwise polish it into the present comprehensive reference tool we feel confident will be of value to investigators and scholars interested in the broad topic of nonhuman primate development as affected by early environmental influences. While ours is the only bibliography of this literature which includes both abstracts and indexing, several previous publications are worth noting as we found them particularly helpful in our own work. Those bibliographies, compiled by Agar and Mitchell (1973), Stoffer and Stoffer (1976), and Roy (1976, 1977), are excellent. In addition to the articles cited in these sources we have added approximately 400 more articles with abstracts and indexing.