The Epsom Derby, established back in 1780 for three-year-old thoroughbred colts and fillies, is today considered to be the most prestigious of the five Classics of the racing calendar, but there was nothing noble about the notorious Derby held in 1844. Marred by horse switching allegations, false age declarations, devious ownership transferrals and nobbling, it was set to become the most scandalous event in the history of the Turf. Drawing on a wide range of publications, newspaper articles, Jockey Club inquiry documentation and court evidence records, this book traces the web of deceit surrounding the original but subsequently disqualified 1844 Derby winner, Running Rein, and the audacious plan orchestrated by a certain Abraham Levi Goodman to ensure, by any underhand means at his disposal, that the Derby victory would be his, not for the glory of winning but as a monstrous betting coup. Twists and turns abound in the claims, counter-claims and conflicting witness statements when the case goes to trial, as attempts are made to determine the age and identity of the horse purported to be Running Rein, and this intriguing story provides a fascinating insight into the world of horse racing and betting, where the stakes are high and the unscrupulous are prepared to do anything to protect their own interests, with little regard for the impact of their actions on the reputation of the sport.

I. Towards Philosophy Jan Srzednicki 3 LOGICAL CONCERNS OF PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS Jerzy Perzanowski ONTOLOGIES AND ONTOLOGICS 23 Elizabeth Anscombe TRUTH, SENSE AND ASSERTION, OR: WHAT PLATO SHOULD HAVE TOLD THE SOPHISTS 43 Peter Geach IDENTITY OVER TIME 47 Joseph M. Font, Ventura Verdu 53 TWO LEVELS OF MODALITY: AN ALGEBRAIC APPROACH Boguslaw Wolniewicz 63 ELZENBERG'S LOGIC OF VALUES Jerzy Szymura WHEN MAY G.E. MOORE'S DEFINITION OF AN INTERNAL RELATION BE USED RATIONALLY? 71 II. Historical Perspective J6zef M. Bochenski HISTORY OF LOGIC AND THE CRITERIA OF RATIONALITY 85 Jan Waszkiewicz, Agnieszka Wojciechowska ON THE ORIGIN OF REDUCTIO AD ABSURDUM 87 vi CONTENTS Ewa ~arnecka-Bialy PREMONITION OF MATHEMATICAL LOGIC IN ARISTOTLE'S PRIOR ANALYTICS 97 Leopold Regner "IMPOSSIBlLIA" OF SIGER OF BRABANT 107 Tomasz Weber DEFENDING THESES IN MATHEMATICS AT A 19TH CENTURY UNIVERSITY 113 Gerhardt PlBchl BASIC NORM AND METALANGUAGE. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF KELSEN'S IDEAS 125 m. Logic and Natural Language Marek Tokarz EARLY SYSTEMS OF FORMAL PRAGMATICS 151 Barbara Stanosz DEDUCTION AND THE CONCEPT OF ASSERTION 159 Helmut Metzler METHODOLOGICAL INTERDEPENDENCIES BETWEEN CONCEPTUALIZATION AND OPERATIONALIZATION IN EMPIRICAL SOCIAL SCIENCES 167 Jaroslaw Fall GAME-THEORETICAL SEMANTICS APPLIED TO DEFINITE DESCRIPTIONS AND ANAPHORA 177 Karl-Heinz Krampitz ON LOGICAL ANALYSIS OF ORDINARY SENTENCES 191 Anna Madarasz GAME THEORETICAL SEMANTICS WITH VALUE-GAPS AND DISCOURSE ANALYSIS 199 Andrzej Lachwa THE SEMANTIC AND FORMAL CONNECTIONS BETWEEN TEXT COMPONENTS 221 Index of Names 227 L. . ::1. . ~t G. Elizabeth ANSCOMBE - University of Cambridge, England J6zef M

Men, money, duelling and murder: welcome to the infamous Derby race of 1844 and the gambling mania that gripped early 19th century Britain. This is a tale of money, gambling and sporting obsession; of rogues and rascals, outrageous criminality, aristocratic complacency, and a gripping investigation to expose the most audacious sporting plot of the age. In the early 1840s, Britain was the gambling capital of Europe and the Epsom Derby was attracting countless spectators and many millions of pounds in wagers. It was a time of frenzied speculation, high stakes and low morals. But as the unprincipled Regency era gave way to the high-mindedness of the Victorian period, reformers decided it was time to challenge the murky world of illegal gambling and in 1844, launched the far-reaching Parliamentary Enquiry. When the Derby of the same year ended in chaos, with the two favourite horses doped, the Turf's most dedicated follower and greatest tyrant Lord George Bentinck, took it upon himself to uncover the truth of what happened that day, which led to one of the most sensational court cases of the 19th century. A compelling detective story peopled with low-life aristocrats and high-minded reformers, GENTLEMEN AND BLACKGUARDS paints a rich picture of early Victorian society, bringing to light an overlooked turning point in British history.

A novel for young readers about two very different pioneer settler girls and how one horse brings them together.

The moment she opened her eyes, she saw a man crouching beside her ... Sisters are merciless, the matriarch is vicious, it doesn't matter.