Recent advances in eye tracking technology will allow for a proliferation of new applications. Improvements in interactive methods using eye movement and gaze control could result in faster and more efficient human computer interfaces, benefitting users with and without disabilities. Gaze Interaction and Applications of Eye Tracking: Advances in Assistive Technologies focuses on interactive communication and control tools based on gaze tracking, including eye typing, computer control, and gaming, with special attention to assistive technologies. For researchers and practitioners interested in the applied use of gaze tracking, the book offers instructions for building a basic eye tracker from off-the-shelf components, gives practical hints on building interactive applications, presents smooth and efficient interaction techniques, and summarizes the results of effective research on cutting edge gaze interaction applications.

This volume presents a state-of-the-art of current research on the role of eye gaze in different types of interaction, including human-human and human-computer interaction. Approaching the phenomenon from different disciplinary and methodological angles, the chapters in the volume are united through a shared technological approach, viz. the use of eye-tracking technology for measuring speakers’ and hearers’ eye gaze patterns while engaged in interaction. Envisioned as an ‘innovating reader’, the volume addresses key questions of interdisciplinary relevance (e.g. to what extent can the analysis of fine-grained eye gaze data, obtained with eye-tracking technology, inform conversation analysis, and vice versa?), positioning (e.g. what is the semiotic status of eye gaze in relation to linguistic signaling?), and methodology (e.g. can we strike a balance between experimental control and authenticity in setting up dialogue settings with eye-tracking technology?). The exploration of these and other questions contributes to the demarcation of a burgeoning research program.

We make 3-5 eye movements per second, and these movements are crucial in helping us deal with the vast amounts of information we encounter in our everyday lives. In recent years, thanks to the development of eye tracking technology, there has been a growing interest in monitoring and measuring these movements, with a view to understanding how we attend to and process the visual information we encounter Eye tracking as a research tool is now more accessible than ever, and is growing in popularity amongst researchers from a whole host of different disciplines. Usability analysts, sports scientists, cognitive psychologists, reading researchers, psycholinguists, neurophysiologists, electrical engineers, and others, all have a vested interest in eye tracking for different reasons. The ability to record eye-movements has helped advance our science and led to technological innovations. However, the growth of eye tracking in recent years has also presented a variety of challenges - in particular the issue of how to design an eye-tracking experiment, and how to analyse the data. This book is a much needed comprehensive handbook of eye tracking methodology. It describes how to evaluate and acquire an eye-tracker, how to plan and design an eye tracking study, and how to record and analyse eye-movement data. Besides technical details and theory, the heart of this book revolves around practicality - how raw data samples are converted into fixations and saccades using event detection algorithms, how the different representations of eye movement data are calculated using AOIs, heat maps and scanpaths, and how all the measures of eye movements relate to these processes. Part I presents the technology and skills needed to perform high-quality research with eye-trackers. Part II covers the predominant methods applied to the data which eye-trackers record. These include the parsing of raw sample data into oculomotor events, and how to calculate other representations of eye movements such as heat maps and transition matrices. Part III gives a comprehensive outline of the measures which can be calculated using the events and representations described in Part II. This is a taxonomy of the measures available to eye-tracking researchers, sorted by type of movement of the eyes and type of analysis. For anyone in the sciences considering conducting research involving eye-tracking, this book will be an essential reference work.

Disorder-assistive and neurotechnological devices are experiencing a boom in the global market. Mounting evidence suggests that approaches based on several different domains should move towards the goal of early diagnosis of individuals affected by neurodevelopmental disorders. Using an interdisciplinary and collaborative approach in diagnosis and support can resolve many hurdles such as lack of awareness, transport, and financial burdens by being made available to individuals at the onset of symptoms. Interdisciplinary Approaches to Altering Neurodevelopmental Disorders is a pivotal reference source that explores neurodevelopmental disorders and a diverse array of diagnostic tools and therapies assisted by neurotechnological devices. While covering a wide range of topics including individual-centered design, artificial intelligence, and multifaceted therapies, this book is ideally designed for neuroscientists, medical practitioners, clinical psychologists, special educators, counselors, therapists, researchers, academicians, and students.

This book focuses on the artificial neural network-based system for gaze-based communication. It covers the feasible and practical collaboration of human–computer interaction (HCI) in which a user can intuitively express tasks using gaze-based communication. It will target the vast applications of gaze-based communication using computer vision, image processing, and artificial intelligence. Artificial Intelligence-Based System for Gaze-Based Communication introduces a novel method to recognize the implicit intention of users by using nonverbal communication in combination with computer vision technologies. A novel HCI framework is developed to enable implicit and intuitive gaze-based intention communications. This framework allows the users to intuitively express their intention using natural gaze cues. The book also focuses on robot caregiving technology, which can understand the user’s intentions using minimal interactions with the user. The authors examine gaze-based tracking applications for the assisted living of elderly people. The book examines detailed applications of eye-gaze communication for real-life problems. It also examines the advantages that most people can handle gaze-based communications because it requires very little effort, and most of the elderly and impaired can retain visual capability. This book is ideally designed for students, researchers, academicians, and professionals interested in exploring and implementing gaze-based communication strategies and those working in the field of computer vision and image processing.

Assistive Technology Assessment Handbook, Second Edition, proposes an international ideal model for the assistive technology assessment process, outlining how this model can be applied in practice to re-conceptualize the phases of an assistive technology delivery system according to the biopsychosocial model of disability. The model provides reference guidelines for evidence-based practice, guiding both public and private centers that wish to compare, evaluate, and improve their ability to match a person with the correct technology model. This second edition also offers a contribution to the Global Cooperation on Assistive Technology (GATE) initiative, whose activities are strongly focused on the assistive products service delivery model. Organized into three parts, the handbook: gives readers a toolkit for performing assessments; describes the roles of the assessment team members, among them the new profession of psychotechnologist; and reviews technologies for rehabilitation and independent living, including brain–computer interfaces, exoskeletons, and technologies for music therapy. Edited by Stefano Federici and Marcia J. Scherer, this cross-cultural handbook includes contributions from leading experts across five continents, offering a framework for future practice and research.

Bachelor Thesis from the year 2019 in the subject Computer Science - Applied, grade: 1,0, LMU Munich, language: English, abstract: A common element of a user interface for initiating an action is the button that is traditionally touched or clicked. A new concept is introduced in this work that extends the standard functionality of a button with advanced gaze-based functions, the GazeButton. It acts as an universal interface for gaze-based UI interactions during a classic touch interaction. It is easy to join with existing UIs and unobtrusively complementary because it keeps the users’ freedom to choose between classic and gaze-based interaction. In addition it is uncomplicated, because all new functions are locally bound to it, and, despite being just a small UI-Element, it is usable for interactions throughout the display and even beyond because of its gaze component. The GazeButton is demonstrated using a text editing application on a multitouch tablet computer. For example, a word can be selected by looking at it and tapping the GazeButton avoiding strenuous physical movement. For such examples, concrete systematic designs are presented that combine visual and manual user input whereafter the gaze based text selection is compared with the classic touch based one in a user study.

Since its inception, eye-tracking technology has evolved into a critical device in psychological and sociological settings. By tracking eye movement, one can conduct lie detection, learn about neuropsychology, and measure reading response. Recently, these technologies have been implemented in Educational and School Psychology as a way to assess how students interact with content. Eye-Tracking Technology Applications in Educational Research enriches the current pool of educational research with cutting-edge applications of eye tracking in education. Seeking to advance this emergent, interdisciplinary field, this publication collects a diverse group of researchers exploring all aspects of this technology as an essential reference for educators, researchers, administrators, and advanced graduate students.

This edited collection will provide an overview of the field of physiological computing, i.e. the use of physiological signals as input for computer control. It will cover a breadth of current research, from brain-computer interfaces to telemedicine.

Eye tracking has many useful applications in human-machine interfaces and assistive technologies. Traditional input methods, such as the keyboard and mouse, are not practical in certain situations and can be completely ine ective for users with physical disabilities. Since many computing interfaces contain a strong visual com- ponent, it follows that knowledge of the user's point-of-gaze (PoG) can be extremely useful. Several approaches to PoG tracking have been described with various results and associated costs. Commercially available tracking devices have proven to be very useful for some disabled users, though often the systems can be cost prohibitive. Many computing applications could be enhanced via reliable yet inexpensive PoG tracking devices. Ordinary consumers as well as the disabled could greatly bene t from the combined technologies. In the past there has been a void in a publicly available eye tracking dataset which combined the information of the head position with the eye tracking video and gaze points. Such a dataset was needed as a standard for comparing accuracy of methods. Many eye tracking devices did not account for head tracking and relied on users remaining still relative to the monitor. Systems which do not allow shift in head position work better in theory than in reality due to inevitable head movement. A low-cost head and eye tracking solution was needed to show such devices are practical without being cost prohibitive. Presented in this thesis is a new publicly available dataset, and a low-cost head and eye tracking solution. To further environment interaction, a structured light sensor was added to the eye tracking solution. A structured light sensor allows for depth mapping of the environment. Combining the depth mapping with the user's PoG o ers more e cient and reliable model segmentation. Ultimately the goal of such a system is to allow for natural human-machine interaction with assistive technologies.