Literary heroes represent the cultural, moral and spiritual texture of a country. They reflect the spoken and unspoken ideals, the dreams of life and the mundane existence of people of a nation. The concept of the hero generates some of the most existing criticism in the literary history of a country. The emergence of mythological hero or heroes gives proper direction to the people of a nation in formulating religions, morals, cultural and social ideals and values.

Outlines Hemingway's life, focusing on his background, his friends, his marriages, and the important influences on his personal and literary life, his novels, short stories, and nonfiction, and concludes with his tragic final years and death. The final chapter evaluates Hemingway as an artist, examining his techniques, motivation, and philosophy.

This History of the criticism of The Sun Also Rises shows not only how Hemingway's first major novel was received over the decades, but also how different critical modes have dominated different decades, and what, besides tenure, critics of different eras looked for in it. As such, it shows what has interested critics, how they have reinterpreted the novel, and how they have seen the characters playing different roles. Thus the novel becomes a mirror, reflecting not only Paris and Spain in 1925, but us.

"Gothic to Multicultural: Idioms of Imagining in American Literary Fiction," twenty-three essays each carefully revised from the past four decades, explores both range and individual register. The collection opens with considerations of gothic as light and dark in Charles Brockden Brown, war and peace in Cooper s "The Spy," Antarctica as world-genesis in Poe s "The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym," the link of The Custom House and main text in Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter, reflexive codings in Melville s "Moby-Dick" and "The Confidence-Man," Henry James "Hawthorne" as self-mirroring biography, and Stephen Crane s working of his Civil War episode in "The Red Badge of Courage." Two composite lineages address apocalypse in African American fiction and landscape in women s authorship from Sarah Orne Jewett to Leslie Marmon Silko. There follow culture and anarchy in Henry James "The Princess Casamassima," text-into-film in Edith Wharton s "The Age of Innocence," modernist stylings in Fitzgerald, Faulkner and Hemingway, and roman noir in Cornell Woolrich. The collection then turns to the limitations of protest categorization for Richard Wright and Chester Himes, autofiction in J.D. Salinger s "The Catcher in the Rye," and the novel of ideas in Robert Penn Warren s late fiction. Three closing essays take up multicultural genealogy, Harlem, then the Black South, in African American fiction, and the reclamation of voice in Native American fiction. A. Robert Lee is Professor of American Literature at Nihon University, Tokyo, having previously taught at the University of Kent, UK. His publications include "Designs of Blackness: Mappings in the Literature and Culture of Afro-America" (1998), "Multicultural American Fiction: Comparative Black, Native, Latino/a and Asian American Fictions" (2003), which won the American Book Award for 2004, "Japan Textures: Sight and Word," with Mark Gresham (2007), and "United States: Re-viewing Multicultural American Literature" (2008).