This book takes up the question of whether past and future events exist. Two very different views are explored. According to one of these views (presentism), advanced by Nikk Effingham, the present is special. Effingham argues that only present things exist, but which things those are changes as time passes. Given presentism, although there once existed dinosaurs, they exist no more, and although you and I exist, at some time in the future we will come to exist no more. According to the alternative view (eternalism), advanced by Kristie Miller, our world is a giant four-dimensional block of spacetime in which all things, past, present, and future, exist. On this view, dinosaurs exist, it is just that they are not located at the current time. The book considers arguments for and against presentism and eternalism, including arguments that appeal to our best science, to the way the world seems to us to be in our experiences of time, change, and freedom, and to how to make sense of ordinary claims about the past. Key Features: Offers an accessible introduction to the philosophy of temporal ontology Captures the process of philosophical debate, giving readers an insight into the craft of philosophy Engages with and clearly explains state-of-the-art and cutting-edge research

In this astonishing and profound work, an irreverent sleuth traces the riddleof existence from the ancient world to modern times.

Formal ontology combines two ideas, one originating with Husserl, the other with Frege: that of ontology of the formal aspects of all objects, irrespective of their particular nature, and ontology pursued by employing the tools of modern formal disciplines, notably logic and semantics. These two traditions have converged in recent years and this is the first collection to encompass them as a whole in a single volume. It assembles essays from authors around the world already widely known for their work in formal ontology, and illustrates that through the application of formal methods the ancient discipline of ontology may be put on a firm methodological basis. The essays not only illuminate the nature of ontology and its relation to other areas, in language, logic and everyday life, but also demonstrate that common issues from the analytical and phenomenological traditions may be discussed without ideological barriers. Audience: advanced students of and specialists in philosophy, linguistics, cognitive science, computer science, database engineering.

Does God exist? The question implies another: Who is God? This book is meant to give an answer to both questions and to give reasons for this answer. Does God exist? Yes or no? Many are at a loss between belief and unbelief; they are undecided, skeptical. They are doubtful about their belief, but they are also doubtful about their doubting. There are still others who are proud of their doubting. Yet there remains a longing for certainty. Certainty? Whether Christians or Jews, believers in God or atheists, the discussion today runs right across old denominations and new ideologies—but the longing for certainty is unquenched. Does God exist? We are putting all our cards on the table here. The answer will be "Yes, God exists," As human beings in the twentieth century, we certainly can reasonably believe in God—even more so in the Christian God—and perhaps even more easily today than a few decades or centuries ago. For, after so many crises, it is surprising how much has been clarified and how many difficulties in regard to belief in God have melted into the Light that no darkness has overcome.

This is a cross-linguistic exploration of the use of clause linkage markers in causal, conditional, and concessive sentences. Employing a five-level classification of clause linkage based on semantic and pragmatic grounds, it shows that, within individual languages different markers exhibit different distributions on the five levels. Also, the rich evidence presented from seventeen languages from many parts of the world documents that these distributions present commonalities as well as differences across the languages of the sample.

This volume introduces the major classical Arabic philosophers through substantial selections from the key works (many of which appear in translation for the first time here) in each of the fields--including logic, philosophy of science, natural philosophy, metaphysics, ethics, and politics--to which they made significant contributions. An extensive Introduction situating the works within their historical, cultural, and philosophical contexts offers support to students approaching the subject for the first time, as well as to instructors with little or no formal training in Arabic thought. A glossary, select bibliography, and index are also included.

Ranging from his early treatises, the Monologion (a work written to show his monks how to meditate on the divine essence) and the Proslogion (best known for its advancement of the so-called ontological argument for the existence of God), to his three philosophical dialogues on metaphysical topics such as the relationship between freedom and sin, and late treatises on the Incarnation and salvation, this collection of Anselm's essential writings will be a boon to students of the history of philosophy and theology as well as to anyone interested in examining what Anselm calls "the reason of faith."

THE TREE OF LIFE WHICH YOU WERE DEPRIVED OF IS THE WORD OF GOD, THE TEACHING OF GOD. If Adam and Eve had received these types of teachings when they were in the Garden of Eden, they would not have died. THE FRUIT OF LIFE IS THE WORD OF GOD. This is explained in John 15:1-6. THE TREE OF LIFE IS THE WORD OF GOD WHICH YOU MUST EAT. MAN SHOULD ENDEAVOR TO GAIN ETERNAL LIFE THROUGH THE WORD OF GOD. John 12:48-50. Do you know that my teachings will give you everlasting life? THE FRUIT OF LIFE IS NO OTHER THING THAN THE GOSPEL WHICH I GIVE YOU. EVERYTHING YOU NEED IS EMBEDDED IN THESE TEACHINGS. MY TEACHINGS HAVE TWELVE DIFFERENT TYPES OF FRUIT WHICH STAND FOR THE TWELVE POWERS OF MAN. (ByLeader Olumba Olumba Obu)

God has been most vaguely defined term. None of his worshippers, messengers, messiahs has ever been able to say anything definite about Him. Ask 10 persons what they mean by God and you are sure to get 10 different answers. He has been wrapped in mystery and described in confusing terms by all religious philosophers and theologians and none of them has been able to tell what He looks like and where he lives. The scriptures of different religions differ in their definition of Him. Even the different scriptures of the same religion present varying definitions of Him. For example, in the Hindu scripture Yoga Shastra of Patanjali, God is that particular person who possesses six qualities. In Sankhya Darshan, Kapil Muni says whether there is a God cannot be proved. In spite of all these differences almost all the scriptures as well as religious philosophers say one definite thing about Him, and that is, He is the creator and supreme ruler of the universe. By creator they mean that He has created the earth, moon, sun, matter, creatures all big and small and all that fills the void of the universe, whether the invisible atoms or the giant heavenly bodies. Supreme Ruler means that He rules over all the creatures and destinies. The Sun and the Moon take their courses by His will and not the tiniest bit of anything can move without His will and consent. Whatever happens in the world, happens only when He wishes it to happen. In this book, I have tried to analyze the question of existence of God from various points of view prevailing today in different individuals on the basis of their own consciousness and judgement. I have also tried to analyse what is God’s relevance in our day to life today and how. However, I have left the final choice of opinion/faith to each individual on the basis of his own consciousness and judgement.