Climate change will cause Europe to lose much of its biodiversity as projected by a comprehensive study on future butterfly distribution. The Climatic Risk Atlas of European Butterflies predicts northward shifts in potential distribution area of many European butterfly species. As early warning indicators of environmental change, butterflies are a valuable tool to assess overall climate change impact and to provide some indication on the chances to come nearer to the target of halting the loss of biodiversity by 2010 set by the EU Heads of State in 2001. The Climatic Risk Atlas of European Butterflies is based on the work of scores of scientists from across Europe. They applied climate change models to data collected by tens of thousands of volunteers. The authors say that some climate change is now inevitable and that the extent of the losses will depend on the degree of that change and how we respond to the new threat. Butterflies have already suffered huge losses across Europe following decades of habitat loss and changing farming and forestry practices. As temperatures rise, majority of butterfly species will try to head north. This won't always be achievable. The forestry and farming changes mean that areas of suitable habitat are now often small and too far apart for butterflies to travel between them. The worst-case scenario scientists examined sees the average European temperature rise by 4.1°C by 2080. In that case over 95 per cent of the present land occupied by 70 different butterflies would become too warm for continued survival. The best case-scenario sees a 2.4°C temperature rise. Even this would mean that 50 per cent of the land occupied by 147 different butterflies would become too warm for them to continue to exist there. Many butterflies will largely disappear from where they are regularly seen now. The Small Tortoiseshell will become absent from a huge swathe of middle and southern Europe and will become restricted to northern Europe. Under the worst-case scenario, rare species like the Spanish Festoon Zerynthia rumina would experience a 97% loss from Spain and Southern France, and the Apollo Parnassius apollo would suffer a 76% loss from mountainous areas. Climate change is already having an impact on butterflies. Over 60 mobile species with widespread food-plants are known to have spread north in Europe over recent decades, including the Comma Polygonia c-album, which is spreading north in the UK at 10km per year. Other species have moved further up mountains. The chief author of Climatic Atlas of European Butterflies is Dr Josef Settele from the Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ) in Germany. He said: "The Atlas shows for the first time how the majority of European butterflies might respond to climate change. Most species will have to shift their distribution radically to keep pace with the changes. The way butterflies change will indicate the possible response of many other insects, which collectively comprise over two-thirds of all species." Dr Martin Warren, Chairman of Butterfly Conservation Europe and one of the authors, said "Evidence points to an acceleration in climate change after 2050 unless there is a significant decrease in global CO2 emissions. This accelerated change would be the final nail in the coffin for many European species. We need to be ready for this worst-case scenario. We need place more emphasis on maintaining large, diverse populations on existing habitats while re-connecting habitats to allow species to move across the landscape. This means working closely with farmers and planners." Dr Ladislav Miko, Director of Nature Conservation at the EU Environment Directorate in Brussels, said: "We strongly welcome this important study which helps us understand how species might respond to climate change. The evidence points to a radical change in species' distribution, which we must plan for within future European policies. The results show the enormous scientific value of records from thousands of volunteers across Europe." Sebastian Winkler, Head of Countdown 2010, stated "The astounding outcomes of this study should remind world leaders once more that if immediate action is not taken, the 2010 biodiversity target will not be reached and biological diversity will continue to decline." The Climatic Risk Atlas of European Butterflies was written by researchers from across Europe under the EU Sixth Framework programme projects: ALARM (Assessing Large-scale Environmental Risks for biodiversity with tested Methods) www.alarmproject.net and MACIS (Minimisation of and Adaptation to Climate change Impacts on biodiversity) www.macis-project.net Contacts Josef Settele, Butterfly Conservation Europe & Helmholtz-Centre of Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Community Ecology, Tel: xx 49 345 558 5320, [email protected] Martin Warren, Butterfly Conservation Europe & Butterfly Conservation (UK). Tel: xx 44 7775 590750 Dirk Maes, Butterfly Conservation Europe & Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), xx 322 5581837, [email protected] Tilo Arnhold, Helmholtz-Centre of Environmental Research - UFZ, PR Department, Tel: xx 49 341 235 1635, [email protected] In cooperation with Pensoft Publishers

In a very short time - only about six years since the Mapping European Butterflies project was announced or some seven years since the preparations were started - the results in the form of The Distribution Atlas of European Butterflies can now be presented to the public. The database of the Atlas consists of 228,931 data records provided by 250 recorders from all over Europe or extracted from all the major national, regional and private data banks. The Atlas contains about 450 dot distribution maps of all the European butterflies. For the first time ever a distribution atlas of European butterflies will be available and at the same time Europe will be the first continent ever to have all its butterfly species plotted on precise and comprehensive distribution maps. Apart from providing significant species specific chronological data for taxonomists and biogeographers, the prime purpose of the Atlas is to aid and promote the conservation of European butterflies. The analysis and evaluation of the distribution data contained in the Atlas will facilitate the identification of priorities in selecting species and areas for European significance for convervation purposes. Thus, The Distribution Atlas of European Butterflies constitutes a major contribution towards the advancement of our knowledge of European butterflies.

This full-colour, superbly illustrated atlas presents the findings of Butterflies for the New Millennium, the most comprehensive survey of butterflies ever undertaken in Britain and Ireland. After five years of recording by thousands of volunteers, it provides an up-to-date assessment of our butterflies, the habitats they live in, the threats they face, and the major changes that have occurred since publication of the previous such atlas in 1984. The body of the book is taken up with species by species accounts, each accompanied by a full-page distribution map and colour photographs of the butterfly concerned. A wider context is provided by considering long-term trends in distribution, derived from 200 years of recording and recent changes elsewhere in Europe. In addition, the book summarises the wealth of new information about butterfly ecology, incorporates findings from the Butterfly Monitoring Scheme, describes and illustrates the habitats favoured by particular communities of butterflies, and presents a vision of how these popular insects might be conserved in the future. As such, it will be invaluable to a wide range of readers, from amateur naturalists to professional conservationists and policy makers.

On title page: Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife & Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). About endangered species

This book provides details of the latest butterfly survey of theScottish Borders. Distribution maps, flight periods and colourphotographs accompany all the regular breeding species, withaccounts for migrants and former residents.

The first list to cover the entire European fauna of butterflies and moths since the famous "Staudinger-Rebel Catalogue" which was published as long ago as in 1901. A large number of European specialists have been working on the family/subfamily treatments, and the list has been checked by leading experts in the national faunas. The higher classification used in the checklist is in accordance with the most recent research as it will be presented in the forthcoming treatment of Lepidoptera in the series "Handbook of Zoology". Hopefully the list will lead to uniformity in the systematics and nomenclature used in European lepidopterology! Besides being a checklist, "The Lepidoptera of Europe" also indicates in table form, in which of the European countries each species has been recorded. "The Lepidoptera of Europe" contains more than 8.300 species known to occur in Europe and the distributional tables have approximately 74.000 records! "The Lepidoptera of Europe" will be an indispensable tool for anyone working with the European fauna of any group of Lepidoptera. Lists the about 8,300 species with about 74,000 country records from Europe. Incl. CD-Rom.