This publication was developed by an international group of experts as an integral part of the IAEAs efforts to contribute to the transfer of technology and capacity building in this field in order to assist Member States in their efforts to improve the nutrition and health of the most vulnerable population groups, infants and young children. The book provides practical information on the assessment of body composition from birth up to two years of age and is intended for nutritionists, pediatricians and other health professionals. The body composition assessment techniques included in this publication were selected as methodologies with the highest potential for standardization globally based on considerations such as access to equipment, cost and the training needs of staff and include stable isotope dilution for total body water assessment, as well as dual energy X ray absorptiometry and air displacement plethysmography. In addition, the importance of standardization of anthrop

The 2nd edition of Human Body Composition includes updated information and new chapters. The editors and 35 contributors are well respected researchers in the field of body composition science. This is one of few texts that provides comprehensive coverage of body composition research. The primary intent is to present current information on research methods. This book can serve as a textbook for those who are students or new researchers. Descriptions of various methods and background information are imparted in great detail with numerous references. New chapters address energy expenditure, animal body composition, molecular genetics and body composition as it relates to disease states of cancer, HIV, obesity and certain inflammatory diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, congestive heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. This book is recommended for students and new researchers in the field of body composition research who need to learn various methods, histories and practical applications--Publisher's description.

Childhood obesity according to the World Health Organization is one of the most serious public health challenges of the 21st century. The proportion of childhood obesity is high both globally and in Sweden. This is of great concern since obese children tend to stay obese in adulthood. In order to develop strategies to prevent early childhood obesity more knowledge is needed regarding factors explaining why children become overweight and obese. Preventive strategies require accurate and easy-to-use methods to assess physical activity in response to energy expenditure as well as energy intake in young children, but such methods are largely lacking or have shown limited accuracy. The aims of this thesis were: 1) to describe the longitudinal development of body composition from 1 week to 4.5 years of age; 2) to study relationships between measures of body composition and the physical activity level (PAL) at 1.5 and 3 years of age; 3) to evaluate if heart rate recording and movement registration using Actiheart can capture variations in total energy expenditure (TEE) and activity energy expenditure (AEE) at 1.5 and 3 years; 4) to evaluate the potential of a 7-day activity diary to assess PAL at 1.5 and 3 years of age; 5) to evaluate a new tool (TECH) using mobile phones for assessing energy intake at 3 years of age. Healthy children were investigated at 1 and 12 weeks (n=44), at 1.5 (n=44), 3 (n=33) and 4.5 (n=26) years of age. Body composition was measured using air-displacement plethysmography at 1 and 12 weeks and at 4.5 years of age. At 1.5 and 3 years, body composition, TEE, PAL and AEE were assessed using the doubly labelled water method and indirect calorimetry. Heart rate and movements were recorded using Actiheart (four days) and physical activities were registered using the 7-day diary. Energy intake was assessed using TECH during one complete 24-hour period. Average percentage of total body fat (TBF) and average fat mass index (FMI) were higher (+3 to +81 %), while fat-free mass index (FFMI) was slightly lower (-2 to -9 %), in children in the study from 12 weeks until 4.5 years of age when compared to corresponding reference values. A relationship between TBF% and PAL was found both at 1.5 and 3 years of age. At 3 years, but not at 1.5 years, this could be explained by a relationship between PAL and FFMI. Actiheart recordings explained a significant but small fraction (8%) of the variation in free-living TEE at 1.5 and 3 years, and in AEE (6 %) at 3 years, above that explained by body composition variables. At 1.5 and 3 years of age, PAL estimated by means of the activity diary using metabolic equivalent (MET) values by Ainsworth et al. was not significantly different from reference PAL, but the accuracy for individuals was low. Average energy intake assessed by TECH was not significantly different from TEE. However, the accuracy for individuals was poor. The results of this thesis suggest that 1) The higher body fatness of the children in the study compared to the corresponding reference values may indicate the presence of a secular trend in body composition development characterized by a high body fatness. 2) Body fatness might counteract physical activity at 1.5 years of age when the capacity to perform physical activity is limited, but not at 3 years of age when such a capacity has been developed. 3) Actiheart recordings explained a significant but small fraction of the variation in TEE at 1.5 and 3 years, and in AEE at 3 years of age, above that explained by body composition variables. 4) The activity diary and TECH produced mean values in agreement with reference PAL and TEE, respectively, but the accuracy for individual children was low. In conclusion, the results of this thesis suggest the presence of a secular trend in body composition development in healthy Swedish children, from infancy up to 4.5 years of age, which is characterized by a high body fatness. Methods to assess physical activity and energy intake at 1.5 and 3 years of age provided some promising results on a group level, although further research is needed to increase the accuracy of these methods in individual children.

Stimulating and up to date, this book is a distinctive reference for pediatricians, nutritionists, anthropologists, exercise and sport scientists as well as sport medicine specialists.

Size at birth and size and body composition at two years are predictive of long term metabolic outcomes. There are many different methods of assessing body composition, but these may be affected by ethnicity and reliability in two-year-olds has not been reported. Aims To compare size and body composition at two years in children of different ethnic groups and with different risk factors for hypoglycaemia at birth. To compare different methods of assessing body composition in young children. Methods Prospective follow-up of a cohort of children born with risk factors for neonatal hypoglycaemia (infants of diabetics, large or small at birth, or late preterm). At 2 years’ corrected age children were measured (weight, height, head circumference, abdominal and mid arm circumferences, triceps and subscapular skin fold thickness) and fat and fat-free mass estimated using bioelectrical impedance. Results A total of 300 children were assessed. Pacific children (n = 50) were larger and had greater body mass index (BMI) than other groups and also had higher fat-free mass for their BMI. Indian children (n = 37) had lower BMI and lower fat-free mass for their BMI, but fat mass was similar in all groups. Children in the small (n = 39) and preterm groups (n = 23) were of similar weight at birth, but at 2 years only those born small remained smaller. Children who were born small gained more lean mass and those born preterm gained more fat mass per unit increase in weight zscore between birth and two years. Correlation between the different methods of measuring body composition was poor, with fat mass percentage calculated from bioelectrical impedance being the most variable and showing the least correlation with other methods used in this study. Conclusion In this multi-ethnic cohort of New Zealand children, BMI at two was affected by ethnicity and perinatal risk factors, and was not a good indicator of body composition. Current methods of measuring body composition are not consistent or able to be obtained reliably in two-year-old children, and therefore have important limitations when used in research settings.

The purpose of this publication is to familiarize pediatricians with methods of measuring body composition. The measurement of fat and fat-free mass in children will revolutionize the surveillance of the nutritional status of the child.

This book surveys the entire field of body composition as it relates to performance. It includes a clear definition of terminology and a discussion of the various methods for measuring body composition. The authored papers represent a state-of-the-art review of this controversial field and address questions such as: What is a better measure of body compositionâ€"body fat or lean body mass? Does being overweight for one's height really affect performance? The book also addresses the issue of physical appearance as it relates to body fatness and performance. It includes an in-depth discussion of many of the topics of interest to those involved in sports medicine and exercise physiology.

This publication was developed by an international group of experts as an integral part of the IAEA's efforts to contribute to the transfer of technology and knowledge in nutrition. Its aim is to assist Member States in their efforts to combat malnutrition by facilitating the use of relevant nuclear techniques. The stable (non-radioactive) isotope technique has been developed to assess intake of human milk in breastfed infants. The practical application of the stable isotope technique, based on analysis of deuterium by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), is presented in this book.

ACSM's Body Composition Assessment provides practicing fitness, health, and medical professionals with information about various body composition measurement methods in clinical and field settings--evidence-based protocols, advantages, sources of measurement error, and more.

". . . a useful and long-needed stand-alone clinical manual for nutritional assessment." ---American Journal of Physical Anthropology This is a revised and updated 2nd edition of Anthropometric Standards for the Assessment of Growth and Nutritional Status. The data is based on the most recent available from the government (2003), and reflects the demographic change in the U.S. The easy-to-use tables and graphs have been expanded from age 2 months to 90 years. Designed for physicians, medical students, pediatricians, family doctors, and nutritionists interested in the physical growth and development of adults and children, this book presents in one volume the compilation of the largest database of material on anthropometric standards from National Health Examination surveys. Because the information is presented in tabular and graphic form, medical investigators can easily compare and interpret their findings with the collection of normative values. No other book is as inclusive, as soundly based, or as potentially useful to people interested in nutrition, cardiovascular diseases, anthropometry, and epidemiology. This is a resource that no health care worker should be without. A compact disc (CD) is included with the book for interactive evaluation of nutritional anthropometry in order to determine an individual's percentile and Z-score of the measurements of body size and composition. The CD is divided into three sections: Section 1 is based on anthropometric data source derived from the 3rd National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted during 1994-98. Section 2 is based on weight, height, and body-mass index information developed by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) for children ages 2 months to 20 years. Section 3 contains information developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) on weight and length for children ranging in age from birth to 5 years. All three sections are presented in Excel spreadsheets formatted to allow calculation of age- and sex-specific Z-scores and percentiles directly without the need for additional computer programs or software. A. Roberto Frisancho is Thurnau Professor of Anthropology at University of Michigan.