Size at birth and size and body composition at two years are predictive of long term metabolic outcomes. There are many different methods of assessing body composition, but these may be affected by ethnicity and reliability in two-year-olds has not been reported. Aims To compare size and body composition at two years in children of different ethnic groups and with different risk factors for hypoglycaemia at birth. To compare different methods of assessing body composition in young children. Methods Prospective follow-up of a cohort of children born with risk factors for neonatal hypoglycaemia (infants of diabetics, large or small at birth, or late preterm). At 2 years’ corrected age children were measured (weight, height, head circumference, abdominal and mid arm circumferences, triceps and subscapular skin fold thickness) and fat and fat-free mass estimated using bioelectrical impedance. Results A total of 300 children were assessed. Pacific children (n = 50) were larger and had greater body mass index (BMI) than other groups and also had higher fat-free mass for their BMI. Indian children (n = 37) had lower BMI and lower fat-free mass for their BMI, but fat mass was similar in all groups. Children in the small (n = 39) and preterm groups (n = 23) were of similar weight at birth, but at 2 years only those born small remained smaller. Children who were born small gained more lean mass and those born preterm gained more fat mass per unit increase in weight zscore between birth and two years. Correlation between the different methods of measuring body composition was poor, with fat mass percentage calculated from bioelectrical impedance being the most variable and showing the least correlation with other methods used in this study. Conclusion In this multi-ethnic cohort of New Zealand children, BMI at two was affected by ethnicity and perinatal risk factors, and was not a good indicator of body composition. Current methods of measuring body composition are not consistent or able to be obtained reliably in two-year-old children, and therefore have important limitations when used in research settings.

Anthropometry is the physical measurement of linear growth and body composition. In this handbook all facets and features of anthropometry are described. Each chapter includes applications to other areas of health and disease.

Growth is one of the human body’s most intricate processes: each body part or region has its own unique growth patterns. Yet at the individual and population levels, growth patterns are sensitive to adverse conditions, genetic predispositions, and environmental changes. And despite the body’s capacity to compensate for these developmental setbacks, the effects may be far-reaching, even life-long. The Handbook of Growth and Growth Monitoring in Health and Disease brings this significant and complex field together in one comprehensive volume: impact of adverse variables on growth patterns; issues at different stages of prenatal development, childhood, and adolescence; aspects of catch-up growth, endocrine regulation, and sexual maturation; screening and assessment methods; and international perspectives. Tables and diagrams, applications to other areas of health and disease, and summary points help make the information easier to retain. Together, these 140 self-contained chapters in 15 sections [ok?] cover every area of human growth, including: Intrauterine growth retardation. Postnatal growth in normal and abnormal situations. Cells and growth of tissues. Sensory growth and development. Effects of disease on growth. Methods and standards for assessment of growth, and more. The Handbook of Growth and Growth Monitoring in Health and Disease is an invaluable addition to the reference libraries of a wide range of health professionals, among them health scientists, physicians, physiologists, nutritionists, dieticians, nurses, public health researchers, epidemiologists, exercise physiologists, and physical therapists. It is also useful to college-level students and faculty in the health disciplines, and to policymakers and health economists.

Child and Adolescent Development for Educators covers development from early childhood through high school. This text provides authentic, research-based strategies and guidelines for the classroom, helping future teachers to create an environment that promotes optimal development in children. The authors apply child development concepts to topics of high interest and relevance to teachers, including classroom discipline, constructivism, social-emotional development, and many others. Child and Adolescent Development for Educators combines the core theory with practical implications for educational contexts, and shows how child development links to the Australian Professional Standards for Graduate Teachers. Case studies and real-world vignettes further bridge the distance between research and the classroom. Along with strong coverage of key local research such as the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children and Longitudinal Study of Indigenous children.

Section 1: Basics in Pediatric Endocrinology Section 2: Clinical Pointers to Endocrine Disorders in Pediatric Practice Section 3: Growth and Growth Disorders Section 4: Disorders of Puberty Section 5: Thyroid Gland and its Disorders Section 6: The Adrenal Gland and its Disorders Section 7: Disorders of Sexual Development Section 8: Disorders of Water, Electrolytes and Acid Base Section 9: Disorders of Calcium, Phosphorus and Bone Metabolism Section 10: Disorders of Parathyroid Hormone Section 11: Polyglandular Syndromes Section 12: Hypoglycemia Section 13: Diabetes Mellitus Section 14: Lipid Disorders in Children Section 15: Obesity in Children Section 16: Low Birth Weight and Endocrine Dysfunction in Postnatal Life Section 17: Miscellaneous Section 18: Biochemistry of Endocrinology Section 19: Practical Protocols for Dynamic Testing in Children Section 20: Radiology in Pediatric Endocrinology Section 21: Drugs in Pediatric Endocrinology Index

This new text has been adapted from the highly trusted Wong’s Nursing Care of Infants and Children to provide a reference for professional nurses working in paediatric and child and family health settings in Australia and New Zealand. The content covers all aspects of infant, child and adolescent care, including anatomy and physiology, child and adolescent mental health, nursing care guidelines, critical thinking, family-centred care, rural and remote health, cultural and psychosocial considerations, common presenting conditions, and therapeutic management. With input from leading local expert paediatric clinicians and academics, and carefully curated for practising paediatric nurses, and nurses newly entering paediatrics, the text aligns with local professional standards, health policies, legal and ethical considerations and population data. Well-established, comprehensive text that focuses on clinical relevance for professional nurses Covers all aspects of infant, child and adolescent health through an assessment and management approach Foundational information builds a solid knowledge base in paediatric nursing Written to help nurses develop a deeper understanding of the psychosocial needs of infants, children, adolescents and their families Case studies and research questions to build critical thinking skills Aligned to National Safety and Quality Health Service (NSQHS) Standards User-friendly, accessible content suitable for practising paediatric nurses across a variety of clinical settings and geographic locations

Vols. for 1963- include as pt. 2 of the Jan. issue: Medical subject headings.

During the past decade since the first edition of this practical work was published, global prevalence of obesity has increased by epic proportions, and physical fitness levels have continued to decline. Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Health in Early Life, Second Edition analyzes cutting-edge longitudinal and cross-sectional data on morphologica

With over 200 newly drafted figures & many new tables drawn from the wealth of data published over the last 15 years, this new edition has been thoroughly revised.