Presents a classification and analysis of the metaphysics of the predominant tradition of Mu-tazila—that of Basra—in the period of the highest development (AD 900–1050). This is the first of the major schools of Sunni Muslim theology and their metaphysics, and the first book to deal with the underlying theoretical principles of earlier Islamic theology.

Presents a classification and analysis of the metaphysics of the predominant tradition of Mu-tazila--that of Basra--in the period of the highest development (AD 900-1050). This is the first of the major schools of Sunni Muslim theology and their metaphysics, and the first book to deal with the underlying theoretical principles of earlier Islamic theology.

An original metaphysical proposal building on classical and contemporary sources. In Centering and Extending, Steven G. Smith retrieves and refashions some of the best ideas of classical and early modern metaphysics to support insight into the natures of mental and material beings and their relations. Avoiding what he critiques as distortive paths of idealism, materialism, repressive monism, and overly permissive pluralism, Smith builds his framework on centering and extending as universal principles of formation. Identifying the basic consistency of being with these principles in symmetrical partnership enables a naturalist process view that, unlike Whitehead’s, does not overbalance toward the subjective and teleological and, unlike Deleuze and Guattari’s, does not overbalance toward the material and chaotic. This view supports useful conceptions of mind and matter, form and energy, reason and cause, and a layered world order without relying on a blind concept of supervenience or emergence. It also respects and reinforces a division of roles between metaphysical sense-making and spiritual determinations of meaningfulness. “This is a highly original, speculative, and deeply learned metaphysical treatise on the basic categories of existence needed to account for human experience of the world. It contributes to the contemporary metaphysical discussion in Western philosophy by adding a new, intelligent, and interesting voice.” — Robert Cummings Neville, author of Ultimates: Philosophical Theology, Volume One

The information in this book is meant to find the answers (Truth) to basic questions we have as Human beings. This book is not permissible to print for a commercial purpose other than self-study. I have compiled this book using different resources from the internet in order to conduct the study. Some of the questions mentioned in the book are:- Why I exist? Who am I? Where I came from? Why I am here? Why I have to die? Where I am going? ...

Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy is a volume of original articles on all aspects of ancient philosophy. The articles may be of substantial length, and include critical notices of major books. OSAP is now published twice yearly, in both hardback and paperback. 'The serial Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy (OSAP) is fairly regarded as the leading venue for publication in ancient philosophy. It is where one looks to find the state-of-the-art. That the serial, which presents itself more as an anthology than as a journal, has traditionally allowed space for lengthier studies, has tended only to add to its prestige; it is as if OSAP thus declares that, since it allows as much space as the merits of the subject require, it can be more entirely devoted to the best and most serious scholarship.' Michael Pakaluk, Bryn Mawr Classical Review

In the course of his twenty-five years of exile, Badī’uzzaman suffered three terms of imprisonment together with varying numbers of his students, and the treatises he wrote during each of these he later included in the Risāla-i Nūr. In The Rays Collection are “fruits” from all three of his sojourns in the Madrasa-i Yûsufiya, as he called prison, recalling the unjust imprisonment of Joseph (UWP) and that prison is essentially a place of education and training. The Second Ray was the final fruit of Eskişehir Prison (1935-’36), while The Eleventh Ray has as its name Meyve Risalesi, The Fruits of Belief, and was written for his fellow prisoners in Denizli Prison (1943-’44). It consists of eleven Topics, which offer irrefutable proofs of the six main pillars of faith. The last two of the Topics, however, were written in Emirdağ, Badī’uzzaman’s place of compulsory resi dence after Emirdağ.

This book discusses Aristotle's biological views about 'natural character traits' and their importance for moral development. It provides a new, comprehensive account of the physiological underpinnings of moral development and shows that the biological account of natural character provides the conceptual and ideological foundation for Aristotle's ethical views about habituation.