Many people driving by elegant Japantown appreciate the graceful architecture of the pagodas and fountains but do not know much about the Japanese community that has long been a vibrant part of San Francisco. Japantown--one of only three left in this country--began as Nihonjinmachi, or "Japanese People's Town," after the first Japanese arrived here in 1869. As their numbers increased, institutions arose to serve them, including churches, schools, and various civic and social organizations. The population drifted through various parts of the city and finally settled in the Western Addition after the 1906 earthquake.

This book focuses on three ethnic neighbourhoods in San Francisco - commoditized Chinatown, gentrified Japantown, and defunct Manilatown - and argues that the city is global because it comprises a multiplicity of global niches that interface with and sustain one another at the local level. According to the author, these enclaves are not simply transnational communities but, rather, global ethnopoles. They must be seen within the logic of globalization and not simply that of transnationality. The early emphasis on transnationality is misplaced because it looks at the process and not the outcome. Transnationality is the means by which, or the conduit through which, the global ethnopole is produced. The focus here is on various processes of border-crossing practices, connections, and flows in order to examine the globalized locality and the localized globality. Any theory of transnationality presupposes a theory of globalization. In other words, transnationality is the process by which globality is effected. This new approach of studying ethnic enclaves within the framework of globaliz-ation theory forces us to connect local activities and processes to a much larger universe. However, the view that diasporic communities maintain transnational rel-ations with their homelands is not new, though only recently have social scientists begun to unravel their various layers of interconnectedness. What is needed now is not simply a description of the enclave- homeland relationship but, also, an analysis and comparison of the transnational modalities of incorporation, operation, and reproduction of these ethnopoles, as well as the'`global city' status that is the hallmark of their identity.

​This volume includes the full proceedings from the 2005 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference held in Tampa, Florida, entitled Marketing, Technology and Customer Commitment in the New Economy. It include papers aimed to create awareness of the issues, trends, and advances associated with current global marketing challenges. Founded in 1971, the Academy of Marketing Science is an international organization dedicated to promoting timely explorations of phenomena related to the science of marketing in theory, research, and practice. Among its services to members and the community at large, the Academy offers conferences, congresses and symposia that attract delegates from around the world. Presentations from these events are published in this Proceedings series, which offers a comprehensive archive of volumes reflecting the evolution of the field. Volumes deliver cutting-edge research and insights, complimenting the Academy’s flagship journals, the Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science (JAMS) and AMS Review. Volumes are edited by leading scholars and practitioners across a wide range of subject areas in marketing science.​

Three voices. Three acts of defiance. One mass injustice. The story of camp as you’ve never seen it before. Japanese Americans complied when evicted from their homes in World War II -- but many refused to submit to imprisonment in American concentration camps without a fight. In this groundbreaking graphic novel, meet JIM AKUTSU, the inspiration for John Okada’s No-No Boy, who refuses to be drafted from the camp at Minidoka when classified as a non-citizen, an enemy alien; HIROSHI KASHIWAGI, who resists government pressure to sign a loyalty oath at Tule Lake, but yields to family pressure to renounce his U.S. citizenship; and MITSUYE ENDO, a reluctant recruit to a lawsuit contesting her imprisonment, who refuses a chance to leave the camp at Topaz so that her case could reach the U.S. Supreme Court. Based upon painstaking research, We Hereby Refuse presents an original vision of America’s past with disturbing links to the American present.

In the decades following World War II, municipal leaders and ordinary citizens embraced San Francisco’s identity as the “Gateway to the Pacific,” using it to reimagine and rebuild the city. The city became a cosmopolitan center on account of its newfound celebration of its Japanese and other Asian American residents, its economy linked with Asia, and its favorable location for transpacific partnerships. The most conspicuous testament to San Francisco’s postwar transpacific connections is the Japanese Cultural and Trade Center in the city’s redeveloped Japanese-American enclave. Focusing on the development of the Center, Meredith Oda shows how this multilayered story was embedded within a larger story of the changing institutions and ideas that were shaping the city. During these formative decades, Oda argues, San Francisco’s relations with and ideas about Japan were being forged within the intimate, local sites of civic and community life. This shift took many forms, including changes in city leadership, new municipal institutions, and especially transformations in the built environment. Newly friendly relations between Japan and the United States also meant that Japanese Americans found fresh, if highly constrained, job and community prospects just as the city’s African Americans struggled against rising barriers. San Francisco’s story is an inherently local one, but it also a broader story of a city collectively, if not cooperatively, reimagining its place in a global economy.

James Mallery explores the implications of such social constructs as gender, race, and class for the development of San Francisco from the gold rush through World War I.