Female criminality and female offenders are the phenomena so rarely addressed by the fraternity of social science academia despite their being of immense social significance and important policy implications. Although all along neglected in social science circles as a phenomena of rare incidence and hence less crucial, of late there has been growing realization that female criminality and its outcome are of far greater consequences and could have more far reaching implications than crime by men and its negative fallout owing to roles of crucial functional significance being allocated to women by the society. Further, even the rarity of female criminality is gradually loosing ground with incidence of crime by women being on the rise.

The causes of crime are one of the important phases of the crime issues that require more discussion, investigation and research and call for more social and government action. The traditional approach to causation of crime in U.S.A. has been the socio-economic. Yet many countries of the world notably those on the European continent and in Latin America, have insisted that biological and constitutional factors are more influential in eliciting criminal behaviour. The geographical determinists have maintained that the weather, the seasons, topography, humidity etc. are important factors to explain why people behave as they do.

This edited collection brings together academics, lawyers, civil servants, and researchers working in the human rights NGO sector, to explore the work and role of prison officers around the world. Each chapter offers a distinctive perspective on the work of prison officers within localised socio-economic and criminal justice contexts, to provide a unique overview and insight into the realities and complexities of the role through accessible scholarly interpretations of their work. The aim of the book is to advance knowledge and understanding of the crucial role that prison officers occupy within carceral systems. The collection has widespread applicability with relevance beyond academia into criminal justice practice and policy internationally. Chapter 3 is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.

Based on the experience of many countries in the WHO European Region and the advice of experts, this guide outlines some of the steps prison systems should take to reduce the public health risks from compulsory detention in often unhealthy situations, to care for prisoners in need and to promote the health of prisoners and prison staff. This requires that everyone working in prisons understand how imprisonment affects health, what prisoners' health needs are, and how evidence-based health services can be provided for everyone needing treatment, care and prevention in prison. Other essential elements are being aware of and accepting internationally recommended standards for prison health; providing professional care with the same adherence to professional ethics as in other health services; and, while seeing individual needs as the central feature of the care provided, promoting a whole-prison approach to care and promoting the health and well-being of people in custody.

The 10th edition of the Nursing Diagnosis Handbook makes formulating nursing diagnoses and creating individualized care plans a breeze. Updated with the most recent NANDA-I approved nursing diagnoses, this convenient reference shows you how to build customized care plans in three easy steps: assess, diagnose, plan. Authors Elizabeth Ackley and Gail Ladwig use Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC) and Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC) to guide you in creating care plans that include desired outcomes, interventions, patient teaching, and evidence-based rationales. Unique! Care Plan Constructor on the companion Evolve website offers hands-on practice creating customized plans of care. Alphabetical thumb tabs allow quick access to specific symptoms and nursing diagnoses. Suggested NIC interventions and NOC outcomes in each care plan. Recent and classic research examples promote evidence-based interventions and rationales. NEW! 4 Color text NEW! Includes updated 2012-2014 NANDA-I approved nursing diagnoses NEW! Provides the latest NIC/NOC, interventions, and rationales for every care plan. NEW! QSEN Safety interventions and rationales NEW! 100 NCLEX exam-style review questions are available on the companion Evolve website. NEW! Root Causing Thinking and Motivational Interviewing appendixes on the companion Evolve website.

The prison has often been the focus for concerns about human rights violations, and campaigns aimed at achieving social justice, for those with an interest in the criminalisation of women. To reduce the number of women imprisoned, a range of policy initiatives have been developed to increase the use of community-based responses to women in conflict with the law. These initiatives have tended to operate alongside reforms to the prison estate and are often defined as 'community punishment', 'community sanctions' and 'alternatives to imprisonment'. This book challenges the contention that improved regimes and provisions within the criminal justice system are capable of addressing human rights concerns and the needs of the criminalised woman. This book aims to provide a critical analysis of approaches and experiences of penal sanctions, human rights and social justice as enacted in different jurisdictions within and beyond the UK. Drawing on international knowledge and expertise, the contributors to this book challenge the efficacy of gender-responsive interventions by examining issues affecting women in the criminal justice system such as mental health, age, and ethnicity. Crucially, the book will engage with the paradox of implementing rights within a largely punishment-orientated system. This book will be of interest to those taking undergraduate and post-graduate courses that examine punishment, gender and justice, and which lend themselves to an international / comparative aspect such as criminal justice/criminology, (international) criminal justice courses; sociology as well as professional training for practitioners (criminal justice, social work, health) who work with women in the criminal justice system.

Over the past four decades, the rate of incarceration in the United States has skyrocketed to unprecedented heights, both historically and in comparison to that of other developed nations. At far higher rates than the general population, those in or entering U.S. jails and prisons are prone to many health problems. This is a problem not just for them, but also for the communities from which they come and to which, in nearly all cases, they will return. Health and Incarceration is the summary of a workshop jointly sponsored by the National Academy of Sciences(NAS) Committee on Law and Justice and the Institute of Medicine(IOM) Board on Health and Select Populations in December 2012. Academics, practitioners, state officials, and nongovernmental organization representatives from the fields of healthcare, prisoner advocacy, and corrections reviewed what is known about these health issues and what appear to be the best opportunities to improve healthcare for those who are now or will be incarcerated. The workshop was designed as a roundtable with brief presentations from 16 experts and time for group discussion. Health and Incarceration reviews what is known about the health of incarcerated individuals, the healthcare they receive, and effects of incarceration on public health. This report identifies opportunities to improve healthcare for these populations and provides a platform for visions of how the world of incarceration health can be a better place.

This book examines a range of therapeutic approaches used in prisons and other secure settings and explores the challenges in such work. The approaches include Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy (CBT), Cognitive-Analytic Therapy (CAT), Attachment-Based Psychodynamic Psychotherapy and Systemic Psychotherapy. It provides insights into debates about providing therapy in prisons and other secure settings and discusses specific topics such as mental health in-reach teams, working with women in prison, therapy within therapeutic communities and therapy with black and minority ethnic groups. This book addresses developments in mental healthcare by the National Health Service (NHS) within prisons and on-going policy developments which aim to improve access to psychological therapies for prisoners. The contributors draw on experience both in clinical psychology and forensic psychology, as well as psychotherapy and criminology. They draw on experience too in a range of environments, including juvenile and young offender establishments, local prisons and dispersal prisons. Psychological Therapy in Prisons and Other Secure Settings will be essential reading for people who work to improve the psychological wellbeing of individuals in prisons and other secure settings.