This WHO and HRP guideline is designed to help countries make faster progress, more equitably, on the screening and treatment of cervical cancer. It includes some important shifts in WHO’s recommended approaches to cervical screening, and includes a total of 23 recommendations and 7 good practice statements. Among the 23 recommendations, 6 are identical for both the general population of women and for women living with HIV and 12 are different and specific for each population. Among the 7 good practice statements, 3 are identical for both the general population of women and for women living with HIV and 2 are different and specific for each population.

Most women who die from cervical cancer, particularly in developing countries, are in the prime of their life. They may be raising children, caring for their family, and contributing to the social and economic life of their town or village. Their death is both a personal tragedy, and a sad and unnecessary loss to their family and their community. Unnecessary, because there is compelling evidence, as this Guide makes clear, that cervical cancer is one of the most preventable and treatable forms of cancer, as long as it is detected early and managed effectively. Unfortunately, the majority of women in developing countries still do not have access to cervical cancer prevention programmes. The consequence is that, often, cervical cancer is not detected until it is too late to be cured. An urgent effort is required if this situation is to be corrected. This Guide is intended to help those responsible for providing services aimed at reducing the burden posed by cervical cancer for women, communities and health systems. It focuses on the knowledge and skills needed by health care providers, at different levels of care.

Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) is a premalignant lesion that may exist at any one of three stages: CIN1, CIN2, or CIN3. If left untreated, CIN2 or CIN3 (collectively referred to as CIN2+) can progress to cervical cancer. Instead of screening and diagnosis by the standard sequence of cytology, colposcopy, biopsy, and histological confirmation of CIN, an alternative method is to use a screen-and-treat approach in which the treatment decision is based on a screening test and treatment is provided soon or, ideally, immediately after a positive screening test. Available screening tests include a human papillomavirus (HPV) test, visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA), and cytology (Pap test). Available treatments include cryotherapy, large loop excision of the transformation zone (LEEP/LLETZ), and cold knife conization (CKC). This guideline provides recommendations for strategies for a screen-and-treat program. It builds upon the existing WHO guidelines: Use of cryotherapy for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (published in 2011) and on the new WHO guidelines for treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2/3 and glandular adenocarcinoma in situ (being published concomitantly with these present guidelines). This guideline is intended primarily for policy-makers, managers, program officers, and other professionals in the health sector who have responsibility for choosing strategies for cervical cancer prevention, at country, regional and district levels. For countries where a cervical cancer prevention and control program already exists, these recommendations were developed to assist decision-makers to determine whether to provide a different screening test followed by a different treatment, or to provide a series of tests followed by an adequate treatment. For countries where such a program does not currently exist, these recommendations can be used to determine which screening test and treatment to provide. In addition to the recommendations, a decision-making flowchart is also proposed in Annex 2 to help program managers choose the right strategy based on the specific country or regional context. Once the strategy has been chosen, the appropriate screen-and-treat flowchart for that strategy can be followed. The flowcharts for all strategies are provided in Annex 3 (specifically for women of negative or unknown HIV status), and Annex 4 (for women of HIV-positive status or unknown HIV status in areas with high endemic HIV infection).

This current guideline delivers the initial output of the second phase of the guideline update: recommendations for the use of HPV mRNA (messenger ribonucleic acid) tests for screening to detect cervical pre-cancer and prevent cervical cancer.

In this publication, recommendations for the Use of dual-stain cytology to triage women after a positive test for human papillomavirus (HPV) are presented. Dual-stain cytology can be used as a triage test in cervical “screen, triage and treat" algorithms for cancer prevention. It is performed on liquid-based cytology (LBC) slides (not on conventional Pap smears) to detect the presence of two proteins: p16 and Ki-67. Recommendation for the general population of women: In a screen, triage and treat approach using HPV Nucleic Acid Tests (NATs) as the primary screening test among the general population of women, WHO suggests using partial genotyping, colposcopy, VIA, cytology or dual-stain cytology to triage women after a positive HPV NATs result. When providing dual-stain cytology to triage women after a positive HPV NAT, WHO suggests: using samples collected by the health worker; and retesting with HPV NATs 24 months after a negative dual-stain cytology result. These are conditional recommendations based on low-certainty evidence for dual-stain cytology as a triage test. No recommendation was made for using dual-stain cytology to triage women living with HIV after a positive HPV DNA test, because evidence on the outcomes of using dual-stain cytology applicable to this population was minimal.

Recoge: 1. Epidemiological guidelines for quality assurance in cervical cancer screening - 2. Methods for screening and diagnosis - 3. Laboratory guidelines and quality assurance practices for cytology - 4. Techniques and quality assurance guidelines for histopathology - 5. Management of abnormal cervical cytology - 6. Key performance indicators - 7. Annexes.

This book presents gynaecologists with the most recent developments and research in the field of cervical cancer, with emphasis on screening and early diagnosis. Beginning with an introduction to the disease, the following chapters discuss the HPV (Human papillomavirus) vaccination and cervical screening using the Pap smear test. The final sections cover colposcopy and management of changes in the cervix detected during screening. This practical guide provides in depth coverage of cervical cancer, from its epidemiology to its management. A self assessment test is included to enhance learning, as well as nearly 100 clinical photographs, illustrations and tables. Key points Practical guide to cervical cancer for gynaecologists and trainees Emphasis on screening and early detection Features complete chapter on HPV vaccination Self assessment included to test knowledge

This colposcopy manual was developed in the context of the cervical cancer screening research studies of the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the related technical support provided to national programs. It is thus a highly comprehensive manual, both for the training of new colposcopists and for the continuing education and reorientation of those who are more experienced. This manual offers a valuable learning resource, incorporating recent developments in the understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), as well as in colposcopy and cervical pathology. Expertise in performing satisfactory, safe, and accurate colposcopic examinations requires high competence in the technical, interpretive, and cognitive aspects, and the capability to develop pragmatic and effective management plans and treatment. This comprehensive and concise manual covers all these aspects and serves as a useful handbook for acquiring the necessary skills for the visual recognition and interpretation of colposcopic findings and for developing the personal and professional attributes required for competence in colposcopy.