This exhaustive bilingual dictionary is the culmination of years of collaboration between educators, linguistic scholars and community informants from the White Mountain Apache Tribe. It also includes dialectical variants from other communities, including the San Carlos Tribe. The dictionary has been compiled with the goal of creating a living, working dictionary that will be of value for cultural, educational, and practical purposes. Among these are the teaching of Western Apache to children, the retention and expansion of the oral and written languages, and the preservation of traditional ceremonial songs and oral history. More widely, the dictionary will be useful to Apaches and non-Apaches in practical applications such as medicine, social work, education, and human services. It also provides through its definitions a wealth of culture, history, and lore supplied by the many community informants.

North America has been inhabited by communities since prehistoric times. Some of the oldest communities are now today known as Native American nations, or tribes. This series takes a close look at the tribes that have influenced North America. Despite hardship and sorrow, these Native people have survived centuries and have passed down their beliefs, traditions, and practices through generations. This series celebrates each Native nation and aspires to educate others about the First People of North America. EACH BOOK CONTAINS Each book contains an in-depth history of the Native American tribe, including individual chapters focusing on their beliefs, early communities, and their presence in the world today. Recipes unique to the tribe are also included, with careful instruction on how to make specific dishes. These books give an overview of what the tribe was like in their earliest stages and examines how they have evolved into the communities they are today. CURRICULUM CONNECTIONS - Uses text and pictures to closely connect the reader to the topic - Depicts an in-depth study of a specific culture - Includes primary sources, including photographs and myths specific to the tribe - Promotes further research into the tribal community

Lessons from Fort Apache is an ethnography of Indigenous language dynamics on the Fort Apache reservation in Arizona that reveals important implications for both North American and global concerns about language endangerment.

Before the first appearance of the Atlas of the World's Languages in 1993, all the world's languages had never been accurately and completely mapped. The Atlas depicts the location of every known living language, including languages on the point of extinction. This fully revised edition of the Atlas offers: up-to-date research, some from fieldwork in early 2006 a general linguistic history of each section an overview of the genetic relations of the languages in each section statistical and sociolinguistic information a large number of new or completely updated maps further reading and a bibliography for each section a cross-referenced language index of over 6,000 languages. Presenting contributions from international scholars, covering over 6,000 languages and containing over 150 full-colour maps, the Atlas of the World's Languages is the definitive reference resource for every linguistic and reference library.

Written for high school students and general readers alike, this insightful treatment links the storied past of various Apache tribes with their life in contemporary times. Written for high school students and general readers alike, Culture and Customs of the Apache Indians links the storied past of the Apaches with contemporary times. It covers modern-day Apache culture and customs for all eight tribes in Arizona, New Mexico, and Oklahoma since the end of the Apache wars in the 1880s. Highlighting tribal religion, government, social customs, lifestyle, and family structures, as well as arts, music, dance, and contemporary issues, the book helps readers understand Apaches today, countering stereotypes based on the 18th- and 19th-century views created by the popular media. It demonstrates that Apache communities are contributing members of society and that, while their culture and customs are based on traditional ways, they live and work in the modern world.

A masterful reconstruction of one of the worst Indian massacres in American history In April 1871, a group of Americans, Mexicans, and Tohono O?odham Indians surrounded an Apache village at dawn and murdered nearly 150 men, women, and children in their sleep. In the past century the attack, which came to be known as the Camp Grant Massacre, has largely faded from memory. Now, drawing on oral histories, contemporary newspaper reports, and the participants? own accounts, prize-winning author Karl Jacoby brings this perplexing incident and tumultuous era to life to paint a sweeping panorama of the American Southwest?a world far more complex, diverse, and morally ambiguous than the traditional portrayals of the Old West.

Drawing on current theory in symbolic anthropology and sociolinguistics, this interpretive essay investigates a complex form of joking based on material collected in a Western Apache community wherein Apaches stage carefully crafted imitations of Anglo-Americans.

A comprehensive and yet concise two-way dictionary designed for beginners and more advanced students of Esperanto alike, and also incorporating a summary of Esperanto grammar. -- An essential resource for users of Esperanto: Find what you are looking for: Concise yet comprehensive, with coverage of all the words you need, including many technical terms -- Both directions: Contains both Esperanto-English and English-Esperanto sections, with a total of over 30,000 entries -- Keep up-to-date: Completely revised and rewritten, with a thorough coverage of contemporary English and Esperanto -- Check how to write it and say it: With a grammatical introduction presenting a clear and authoritative analysis! ---- Ampleksa sed konciza Esperanta-angla kaj angla-Esperanta vortaro por komencantaj kaj progresintaj studantoj de Esperanto, kun enkonduka prezento de la gramatiko de Esperanto. -- Nemalhavebla richfonto por uzantoj de Esperanto: Trovu tion, kion vi serchas: Konciza sed inkluziva, enhavanta chiujn vortojn kiujn oni bezonas, inkluzive de multaj fakvortoj -- Ambau'direkta: El Esperanto en la anglan kaj el la angla en Esperanton, kun entute pli ol 30000 kapvortoj -- Ghisdatighu! Komplete reviziita kaj reverkita, plene spegulanta la hodiau'ajn anglan lingvon kaj Esperanton -- Kontrolu, kiel esprimi la signifon: Kun gramatika enkonduko klara kaj au'toritata!

In a number of languages, the speaker must specify the evidence for every statement whether seen, or heard, or inferred from indirect evidence, or learnt from someone else. This grammatical category, referring to information source, is called ‘evidentiality’. Evidentiality systems differ in how complex they are: some distinguish just two terms (eyewitness and noneyewitness, or reported and non-reported), while others have six (or even more) terms. Evidentiality is a category in its own right, and not a subtype of epistemic or some other modality, or of tense-aspect. The introductory chapter sets out cross-linguistic parameters for studying evidentiality. It is followed by twelve chapters which deal with typologically different languages from various parts of the world: Shipibo-Conibo, Jarawara, Tariana and Myky from South America; West Greenlandic Eskimo; Western Apache and Eastern Pomo from North America; Qiang (Tibeto-Burman); Yukaghir (Siberian isolate); Turkic languages; languages of the Balkans; and Abkhaz (Northwest Caucasian). The final chapter summarises some of the recurrent patterns.