Provides a comprehensive overview of key methods for treating water tainted by cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins Toxigenic cyanobacteria are one of the main health risks associated with water resources. Consequently, the analysis, control, and removal of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins from water supplies is a high priority research area. This book presents a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art research on water treatment methods for the removal of cyanobacteria, taste and odor compounds, and cyanotoxins. Starting with an introduction to the subject, Water Treatment for Purification from Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins offers chapters on cyanotoxins and human health, conventional physical-chemical treatment for the removal of cyanobacteria/cyanotoxins, removal of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins by membrane processes, biological treatment for the destruction of cyanotoxins, and conventional disinfection and/or oxidation processes. Other chapters look at advanced oxidation processes, removal/destruction of taste and odour compounds, transformation products of cyanobacterial metabolites during treatment and integrated drinking water processes. Provides a comprehensive overview of key methods for treating water tainted by cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins Bridges the gap between basic knowledge of cyanobacteria/cyanotoxins and practical management guidelines Includes integrated processes case studies and real-life examples Developed within the frame of the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST)–funded CYANOCOST A must-have resource for every water treatment plant, Water Treatment for Purification from Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins is a valuable resource for all researchers in water chemistry and engineering, environmental chemistry as well as water companies and authorities, water resource engineers and managers, environmental and public health protection organizations.

Provides a comprehensive overview of key methods for treating water tainted by cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins Toxigenic cyanobacteria are one of the main health risks associated with water resources. Consequently, the analysis, control, and removal of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins from water supplies is a high priority research area. This book presents a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art research on water treatment methods for the removal of cyanobacteria, taste and odor compounds, and cyanotoxins. Starting with an introduction to the subject, Water Treatment for Purification from Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins offers chapters on cyanotoxins and human health, conventional physical-chemical treatment for the removal of cyanobacteria/cyanotoxins, removal of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins by membrane processes, biological treatment for the destruction of cyanotoxins, and conventional disinfection and/or oxidation processes. Other chapters look at advanced oxidation processes, removal/destruction of taste and odour compounds, transformation products of cyanobacterial metabolites during treatment and integrated drinking water processes. Provides a comprehensive overview of key methods for treating water tainted by cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins Bridges the gap between basic knowledge of cyanobacteria/cyanotoxins and practical management guidelines Includes integrated processes case studies and real-life examples Developed within the frame of the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST)–funded CYANOCOST A must-have resource for every water treatment plant, Water Treatment for Purification from Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins is a valuable resource for all researchers in water chemistry and engineering, environmental chemistry as well as water companies and authorities, water resource engineers and managers, environmental and public health protection organizations.

Provides a comprehensive overview of key methods for treating water tainted by cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins Toxigenic cyanobacteria are one of the main health risks associated with water resources. Consequently, the analysis, control, and removal of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins from water supplies is a high priority research area. This book presents a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art research on water treatment methods for the removal of cyanobacteria, taste and odor compounds, and cyanotoxins. Starting with an introduction to the subject, Water Treatment for Purification from Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins offers chapters on cyanotoxins and human health, conventional physical-chemical treatment for the removal of cyanobacteria/cyanotoxins, removal of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins by membrane processes, biological treatment for the destruction of cyanotoxins, and conventional disinfection and/or oxidation processes. Other chapters look at advanced oxidation processes, removal/destruction of taste and odour compounds, transformation products of cyanobacterial metabolites during treatment and integrated drinking water processes. Provides a comprehensive overview of key methods for treating water tainted by cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins Bridges the gap between basic knowledge of cyanobacteria/cyanotoxins and practical management guidelines Includes integrated processes case studies and real-life examples Developed within the frame of the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST)–funded CYANOCOST A must-have resource for every water treatment plant, Water Treatment for Purification from Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins is a valuable resource for all researchers in water chemistry and engineering, environmental chemistry as well as water companies and authorities, water resource engineers and managers, environmental and public health protection organizations.

Cyanobacterial toxins are among the hazardous substances most widely found in water. They occur naturally, but concentrations hazardous to human health are usually due to human activity. Therefore, to protect human health, managing lakes, reservoirs and rivers to prevent cyanobacterial blooms is critical. This second edition of Toxic Cyanobacteria in Water presents the current state of knowledge on the occurrence of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins as well as their impacts on health through water-related exposure pathways, chiefly drinking-water and recreational activity. It provides scientific and technical background information to support hazard identification, assessment and prioritisation of the risks posed by cyanotoxins, and it outlines approaches for their management at each step of the water-use system. It sets out key practical considerations for developing management strategies, implementing efficient measures and designing monitoring programmes. This enables stakeholders to evaluate whether there is a health risk from toxic cyanobacteria and to mitigate it with appropriate measures. This book is intended for those working on toxic cyanobacteria with a specific focus on public health protection. It intends to empower professionals from different disciplines to communicate and cooperate for sustainable management of toxic cyanobacteria, including public health workers, ecologists, academics, and catchment and waterbody managers. Ingrid Chorus headed the department for Drinking-Water and Swimming-Pool Hygiene at the German Environment Agency. Martin Welker is a limnologist and microbiologist, currently with bioMérieux in Lyon, France.

In "Removal of Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins in Waters" we have attempted to provide readers with a comprehensive overview of the different strategies and alternative treatments currently being studied for the effective removal of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins from water.

This manual for conventional water treatment plants outlines monitoring strategies for detecting the onset of algae blooms in drinking water sources as well as treatment strategies for minimizing the adverse effects of algae on unit process performance and finished water quality. The manual draws on

With the ever-increasing incidence of harmful cyanobacterial algal blooms, this monograph has added urgency and will be essential reading for all sorts of researchers, from neuroscientists to cancer research specialists. The volume contains the proceedings of the 2005 International Symposium on Cyanobacterial Harmful Algal Blooms, and has been edited by H. Kenneth Hudnell, of the US Environmental Protection Agency. It contains much of the most recent research into the subject.

Cyanobacteria are prokaryotic microorganisms that are present in many environments. The presence of certain genera of cyanobacteria in aquatic systems is of great concern due to potential toxin formation and release. Cyanotoxins have been shown to have undesirable health impacts ranging from acute (skin irritation, gastrointestinal, and neurotoxic) to chronic (liver damage, kidney damage, and possible carcinogenic) effects. The toxins exist in different structural forms, such as alkaloids (anatoxin-a, saxitoxins, cylindrospermopsin) and cyclic peptides (microcystins, nodularin). Current knowledge and occurrence data of cyanotoxins have led to increased regulatory attention for limiting concentrations in water. The purpose of this paper is to review available literature and knowledge on the potential of drinking water treatment processes to remove cyanotoxins. The main mechanisms of contaminant removal in water are: physical (sedimentation, filtration, flotation, adsorption), chemical (oxidation), and biological. These processes may work singularly or in conjunction to accomplish reduction of the target compound. For cyanotoxins, removal efficiency is complicated by the fact that the toxins exist in two forms: intracellular and extracellular (dissolved). If contained within the cell, physical removal processes would likely be the best form of treatment. Once released from the cell, dissolved toxins may require additional treatment. Evaluation of the literature reviewed indicates that many common drinking water treatment processes are capable of removal or degradation of cyanotoxins. A key point when considering treatment for cyanotoxin removal is the form of the toxin (intracellular or extracellular) with respect to the treatment process being utilized. Physical removal of particulate cyanotoxins, either by sedimentation, floatation, or filtration, has been shown to be successful since cyanobacterial cells are generally well removed. However, sedimentation and filtration do not perform well for dissolved toxin removal, except for certain membrane filtration processes. Adsorption on activated carbon has been shown to reduce cyanotoxins, although contact time and competitive natural organic matter (NOM) can affect performance. Chemical processes (ozone, chlorine dioxide, potassium permanganate, chlorine, chloramines) have a tendency towards cell lysis, and may allow free toxin to enter into the water. Depending on the chemical dose applied, residual toxin may or may not be removed. Therefore, the application point of oxidative chemicals and nature of the toxins are extremely important for cyanotoxin reduction. If applied after filtration, ozone and chlorine have been shown to be the most successful in reducing dissolved cyanotoxins. Chlorine dioxide and chloramines have not been shown to reduce toxin levels. Advanced oxidation processes have shown promise for destruction of dissolved toxins, particularly microcystins. Biological treatment via biologically active filtration (either rapid rate or slow sand), has also been shown to be effective for microcystin reduction, although it must be evaluated carefully to avoid incomplete degradation. Additionally, storage of cyanobacterial cells in treatment processes, hydraulic disturbances, pressure gradients, and recycle of waste streams must be considered to avoid lysis of aging cells and subsequent toxin release. Therefore, not only is proper process application important for toxin removal, optimization of plant operations is critical for sustained toxin reduction.

This protocol book provides detailed procedures for the isolation of cyanobacteria, extraction, quantification, and detection of cyanotoxins. It illustrates the sampling and processing of toxin-producing cyanobacteria in water and aquatic animal samples, detection of cyanotoxins from Anabaena, Anabaenopsis, Cylindrospermopsis, Microsystis, Microcystis, Nodularia, Nostoc, Schizotrix, Lyngbya, Raphidiopsis, Oscillatoria, Planktothrix in aquatic resources. It also covers toxicity analysis by various bioassay protocols, and in vitro and insilico analysis methods. The book also reviews the methods for cyanotoxin extraction, detection, and quantification by various tools including LC-MS/MS, HPLC, NMR, PCR, and HESI-MS/MS. A separate section is dedicated to the advanced methods in Cyanotoxin analysis including the Molecular Imprinting Method (MIM), Cellular signaling biosensor, Electrochemical sensor, Nanosensors, and screening of Polyketide synthase gene. The analysis of various toxin-producing genes like sxtA and mcy is also accounted for in this book. In a nutshell, the book gives comprehensive procedures about the basics and preliminary processes that are involved in sample collection to advanced methods incorporated into the well-explored and unexplored Cyanobacterial toxin. Consequently, this manual is useful for both beginners and advanced researchers, including postgraduate students, academicians, researchers, and scientists in the field of Cyanobacterial research. ​

Specific issues investigated in this project were: Identifying the most effective substrate for optimum biofilm formation, and the range of operating conditions for optimum removals to be achieved; developing a standard suite of laboratory tests, both simulated filtration tests and genetic tests, to identify the potential of an existing filter to remove cyanobacterial metabolites; better understanding of the lag period prior to the onset of degradation of several metabolites; and the feasibility of artificially inoculating or “seeding” filters to enhance removal of the cyanobacterial metabolites. This book is co-published with Water Research Australia.