Recent advances have been made in the specification of a shallow-water self-similar spectral form. This spectral form, referred to as the TMA spectrum, substitutes an expression for the shallow-water equilibrium range into the JONSWAP equation for spectral energy density. The JONSWAP parameters are empirically defined through examination of over 2,800 wind sea spectra obtained at various depths and locations. This spectral form is intended to describe single-peaked wind seas which have reached a growth equilibrium in finite depth water. The purposes of this report are to summarize the recent advances, to discuss the range of practical usage, and to provide engineering examples using these new formulations. (Author).

This book is a research monograph summarizing recent advances related to the molecular structure of water and ice, and it is based on the latest spectroscopic data available. A special focus is given to radio- and microwave frequency regions. Within the five interconnected chapters, the author reviews the electromagnetic waves interaction with water, ice, and moist substances, discussing the microscopic mechanisms behind the dielectric responses. Well-established classic views concerning the structure of water and ice are considered along with new approaches related to atomic and molecular dynamics. Particular attention is given to nanofluidics, atmospheric science, and electrochemistry. The mathematical apparatus, based on diverse approaches employed in condensed matter physics, is widely used and allows the reader to quantitatively describe the electrodynamic response of water and ice in both bulk and confined states. This book is intended for a wide audience covering physicists, electrochemists, geophysicists, engineers, biophysicists, and general scientists who work on the electromagnetic radiation interaction with water and moist substances.