China's dramatic reforms are usually said to have been caused by the policies of state leaders under Deng Xiaoping. This fascinating new study by one of the West's leading authorities on contemporary China shows, however, that reforms began and are maintained by local networks. They emerged first in the economy -- partly as unintended results of previous policies. Agricultural extension in Mao Zedong's time freed so much labor from the land in rich areas, such as the Shanghai delta, that peasant leaders set up rural industries to employ clients. Many of these leaders were avowed "state cadres", but they acted for local constituencies more than for Beijing. Their initiatives can be documented in the early 1970s, long before the 1978 proclamation of new enterprises, which the central bureaucracy could not monitor, taking materials and markets away from state industries. This caused socialist control of input prices and commodity flows to collapse by the mid-1980s. As a result, shortages and inflation bedeviled the economy, the state ran deficits, management decentralized local banks proliferated, and immigration to cities soared.

A critique of America's flawed Asia policy that centres on US-Japan relations but harkens back to the same disastrous views that drew America into Vietnam. The technique is a narrative flow of short vignettes woven into longer chapters; the main strands are personal reflections and interviews.

A critique of America's flawed Asia policy that centres on US-Japan relations but harkens back to the same disastrous views that drew America into Vietnam. The technique is a narrative flow of short vignettes woven into longer chapters; the main strands are personal reflections and interviews.

A critique of America's flawed Asia policy that centres on US-Japan relations but harkens back to the same disastrous views that drew America into Vietnam. The technique is a narrative flow of short vignettes woven into longer chapters; the main strands are personal reflections and interviews.

White (politics, Princeton U.) shows how social diversification during the economic boom--treated in the first volume--has modified political norms and public practices in China. He finds the country following a typical post-revolutionary track toward decreased centralization and ideological fervor. He also finds that as the regime becomes more corporatist and less Lenninist, the traditional claims of intellectuals to state power have weakened and they have wondered off into regional or international interests. Annotation copyrighted by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR