This is the first book to describe an emerging but already growing technology of thermal imaging based on uncooled infrared imaging arrays and systems, which are the most exciting new developments in infrared technology today. This technology is of great importance to developers and users of thermal images for military and commercial applications. The chapters, prepared by world leaders in the technology, describe not only the mainstream efforts, but also exciting new approaches and fundamental limits applicable to all. - Unified approach to technology development based on fundamental limits - Individual chapters written by world leaders in each technology - Novel potential approaches, allowing for the reduction of costs, described in detail - Descriptive and analytical - Provides details of the mainstream approaches--resistive bolometric, pyroelectric/field enhanced pyroelectric, thermoelectric - Provides insight into a unified approach to development of all types of thermal imaging arrays Features state-of-the-art and selected new developments

This introduction to uncooled infrared focal plane arrays and their applications is aimed at professionals, students, and end users. Topics include principal uncooled thermal detection mechanisms; fundamental performance limits and theoretical performance; the state of the art; and applications, technical trends, and systems employing uncooled arrays.

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The development of high performance monolithic pyroelectric IR detectors requires ferroelectric films of high responsivity and high thermal isolation of self-supporting micromachined structures. In the DARPA-supported IR detector materials program, the ultimate goal is to demonstrate film properties that project to a system-level f/1 NETD of 10 mK for 48.5 micrometers-pixels. This paper will delineate materials and processes engineered towards that objective. Films investigated in this program have been from the PLZT solid solution system. A sub-class of materials within this system, substituted with specific isovalent and donor elements, shows low projected NETDs, the lowest being 13.8 mK for planar wafers. In general, addition of rare earth dopants has the dual effect of lowering the NETD and enhancing dc film resistivity (10 (exp 12)-10(exp 14) Ohms-cm) over 1-10 V. Room temperature film resistivity has been found to increase up to 10(exp 15) Ohms-cm with a film thickness of 960 nm. Processing studies indicate a general correlation among pyrolysis protocols, severity of RTA thermal budget and electrical performance. Furthermore, at film thicknesses of 150-350 nm, properties of films fabricated with a dilute precursor solution project thickness-modified NETDs lower than films with solution of higher molarity. Microstructural examination of rapid thermally annealed films, through transmission electron microscopy, reveal dense grains 36-43 nm in diameter with no evidence of second phase in the matrix or grain boundaries.

Completely revised and reorganized while retaining the approachable style of the first edition, Infrared Detectors, Second Edition addresses the latest developments in the science and technology of infrared (IR) detection. Antoni Rogalski, an internationally recognized pioneer in the field, covers the comprehensive range of subjects necessary to un

The Department of Defense recently highlighted intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) capabilities as a top priority for U.S. warfighters. Contributions provided by ISR assets in the operational theaters in Iraq and Afghanistan have been widely documented in press reporting. While the United States continues to increase investments in ISR capabilities, other nations not friendly to the United States will continue to seek countermeasures to U.S. capabilities. The Technology Warning Division of the Defense Intelligence Agency's (DIA) Defense Warning Office (DWO) has the critical responsibility, in collaborations with other components of the intelligence community (IC), for providing U.S. policymakers insight into technological developments that may impact future U.S. warfighting capabilities. To this end, the IC requested that the National Research Council (NRC) investigate and report on key visible and infrared detector technologies, with potential military utility, that are likely to be developed in the next 10-15 years. This study is the eighth in a series sponsored by the DWO and executed under the auspices of the NRC TIGER (Technology Insight-Gauge, Evaluate, and Review) Standing Committee.

This new up-to-date edition of the successful handbook and ready reference retains the proven concept of the first, covering basic and advanced methods and applications in infrared imaging from two leading expert authors in the field. All chapters have been completely revised and expanded and a new chapter has been added to reflect recent developments in the field and report on the progress made within the last decade. In addition there is now an even stronger focus on real-life examples, with 20% more case studies taken from science and industry. For ease of comprehension the text is backed by more than 590 images which include graphic visualizations and more than 300 infrared thermography figures. The latter include many new ones depicting, for example, spectacular views of phenomena in nature, sports, and daily life.