This book is an original study aimed at understanding how vacuum magnetic fields change with time. Specifically, it describes the waves that radiate from a sphere when the electric current on its surface is turned on or off, either suddenly, gradually, or periodically. Numerical simulations are an invaluable source of information about this and related subjects, but they are often more difficult to interpret than exact, closed-form solutions that can easily be applied to a variety of situations. Thus, the objective here is to obtain an exact solution of Maxwell’s equations in closed form—something simple, yet rigorous, which can be used as a model for understanding transient magnetic fields in more complicated situations. The work therefore stands as a self-contained solution of Maxwell’s equations for an electric current wrapped around the surface of a sphere. This study assumes a strong background in electromagnetism or a related research area. Online animations are available for each figure to better illustrate the motions of magnetic field lines.

The reconnection of magnetic fields is one of the most fascinating processes in plasma physics, responsible for phenomena such as solar flares and magnetospheric substorms. The concept of reconnection has developed through recent advances in exploring the magnetospheres of the Sun and Earth through theory, computer simulations and spacecraft observations. The great challenge in understanding it stems from balancing the large volumes of plasma and magnetic fields involved with the energy release with the physical mechanism which relies on the strongly localized behavior of charged particles. This book, edited by and with contributions from leading scientists in the field, provides a comprehensive overview of recent theoretical and observational findings concerning the physics of reconnection and the complex structures that may give rise to, or develop from, reconnection. It is intended for researchers and graduate students interested in the dynamics of plasmas.

Can the electric and magnetic fields (EMF) to which people are routinely exposed cause health effects? This volume assesses the data and draws conclusions about the consequences of human exposure to EMF. The committee examines what is known about three kinds of health effects associated with EMF: cancer, primarily childhood leukemia; reproduction and development; and neurobiological effects. This book provides a detailed discussion of hazard identification, dose-response assessment, exposure assessment, and risk characterization for each. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields also discusses the tools available to measure exposure, common types of exposures, and what is known about the effects of exposure. The committee looks at correlations between EMF exposure and carcinogenesis, mutagenesis, neurobehavioral effects, reproductive and developmental effects, effects on melatonin and other neurochemicals, and effects on bone healing and stimulated cell growth.

A comprehensive review of the development, challenges and utilisation of magnetic field measurement Magnetic Field Measurement with Applications to Modern Power Grids offers an authoritative review of the development of magnetic field measurement and the application of the technology to the smart grid. The authors, noted experts in the field, present the challenges to the field of magnetics and explore the use of cutting-edge magnetic technology in the development of the smart grid. In addition, the authors discussed the applications of magnetic field measurements in substations, generations systems, transmission systems and distribution systems. The specialized applications of magnetic field measurements in these venues are explored including the typical sensors used, the field strength levels and spectral frequencies involved and the mathematics that are needed to process data measurements. The book presents the complex topic of electromagnetics in clear and understandable terms. Magnetic Field Measurement with Applications to Modern Power Grids offers researchers in the magnetic community a guide to the progress of the smart grid and helps to inspire innovation of magnetic technologies in the smart grid. The technologies of measurement are a bridge between mathematical models and application oriented practice. The book is a guide to that bridge and: Offers a comprehensive review of the development of magnetic field measurement Shows how magnetic field measurement applies to the smart grid Outlines the challenges, trends and needs for future magnetic measurement systems Includes information on the need for levels of standardisation, smart grid applications and innovative sensors Written for researchers in smart grid, power engineers, power grid companies and professionals in the measurement and test industries, Magnetic Field Measurement with Applications to Modern Power Grids is an authoritative guide that offers a clear understanding of the relationship between the magnetic field measurement and power grids.

A unique resource for physicists and engineers working with magnetic fields An understanding of magnetic phenomena is essential for anyone working on the practical application of electromagnetic theory. Magnetic Fields: A Comprehensive Theoretical Treatise for Practical Use provides physicists and engineers with a thorough treatment of the magnetic aspects of classical electromagnetic theory, focusing on key issues and problems arising in the generation and application of magnetic fields. From magnetic potentials and diffusion phenomena to magnetohydrodynamics and properties of matter-topics are carefully selected for their relevance to the theoretical framework as well as current technologies. Outstanding in its organization, clarity, and scope, Magnetic Fields: * Examines a wide range of practical problems, from magnetomechanical devices to magnetic acceleration mechanisms * Opens each chapter with reference to pertinent engineering examples * Provides sufficient detail enabling readers to follow the derivation of the results * Discusses solution methods and their application to different problems * Includes more than 300 graphs, 40 tables, 2,000 numbered formulas, and extensive references to the professional literature * Reviews the essential mathematics in the appendices

For well over a decade, the numerical approach to field computation has been gaining progressively greater importance. Analytical methods of field compu tation are, at best, unable to accommodate the very wide variety of configura tions in which fields must be computed. On the other hand, numerical methods can accommodate many practical configurations that analytical methods cannot. With the advent of high-speed digital computers, numerical field computations have finally become practical. However, in order to implement numerical methods of field computation, we need algorithms, numerical methods, and mathematical tools that are largely quite different from those that have been traditionally used with analytical methods. Many of these algorithms have, in fact, been presented in the large number of papers that have been published on this subject in the last two decades. And to some of those who are already experienced in the art of numerical field computations, these papers, in addition to their own original work, are enough to give them the knowledge that they need to perform practical numerical field computations.

This book presents in-depth coverage of magnetic sensors in industrial applications. It is divided into three sections: devices and technology for magnetic sensing, industrial applications (automotive, navigation), and emerging applications. Topics include transmission speed sensor ICs, dynamic differential Hall ICs, chopped Hall switches, programmable linear output Hall sensors, low power Hall ICs, self-calibrating differential Hall ICs for wheel speed sensing, dynamic differential Hall ICs, uni- and bipolar Hall IC switches, chopped mono cell Hall ICs, and electromagnetic levitation.

High-field magnetsâ€"those that operate at the limits of the mechanical and/or electromagnetic properties of their structural materialsâ€"are used as research tools in a variety of scientific disciplines. The study of high magnetic fields themselves is also important in many areas such as astrophysics. Because of their importance in scientific research and the possibility of new breakthroughs, the National Science Foundation asked the National Research Council to assess the current state of and future prospects for high-field science and technology in the United States. This report presents the results of that assessment. It focuses on scientific and technological challenges and opportunities, and not on specific program activities. The report provides findings and recommendations about important research directions, the relative strength of U.S. efforts compared to other countries, and ways in which the program can operate more effectively.

This three-volume book provides a comprehensive review of experiments in very strong magnetic fields that can only be generated with very special magnets. The first volume is entirely devoted to the technology of laboratory magnets: permanent, superconducting, high-power water-cooled and hybrid; pulsed magnets, both nondestructive and destructive (megagauss fields). Volumes 2 and 3 contain reviews of the different areas of research where strong magnetic fields are an essential research tool. These volumes deal primarily with solid-state physics; other research areas covered are biological systems, chemistry, atomic and molecular physics, nuclear resonance, plasma physics and astrophysics (including QED).