This collection of essays and articles offers a fascinating glimpse into the history and archaeology of Cumberland and Westmorland. With contributions from some of the leading scholars in the field, this book is an indispensable resource for anyone interested in the history and archaeology of this important region. This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

List of members included in each volume except v. 1.

This book traces the development of monasticism in England, Scotland and Wales from the last half century of Anglo-Saxon England to 1300. It explores the nature of the impact of the Norman settlement on monastic life, and how Britain responded to new, European ideas on monastic life. In particular, it examines Britain's response to the needs of religious women. It covers every aspect of the life and work of the religious orders: their daily life, the buildings in which they lived, their contribution to intellectual developments and to the economy. Particular attention is paid to the relationship between religious houses and their founders and patrons. This shows the degree of dependence of religious houses on local patrons. Indeed, one major theme which emerges from the book is the constant tension between the ideals of monastic communities and the demands of the world.

The book examines the subsequent developments in religious and military building work on the peninsula which accompanied the growth of a successful urban community in the eleventh and twelfth centuries.

Over its venerable history, Hadrian's Wall has had an undeniable influence in shaping the British landscape, both literally and figuratively. Once thought to be a soft border, recent research has implicated it in the collapse of a farming civilisation centuries in the making, and in fuelling an insurgency characterised by violent upheaval. Examining the everyday impact of the Wall over the three centuries it was in operation, Matthew Symonds sheds new light on its underexplored human story by discussing how the evidence speaks of a hard border scything through a previously open landscape and bringing dramatic change in its wake. The Roman soldiers posted to Hadrian's Wall were overwhelmingly recruits from the empire's occupied territories, and for them the frontier could be a place of fear and magic where supernatural protection was invoked during spells of guard duty. Since antiquity, the Wall has been exploited by powers craving the legitimacy that came with being accepted as the heirs of Rome: it helped forge notions of English and Scottish nationhood, and even provided a model of selfless cultural collaboration when the British Empire needed reassurance. It has also inspired creatives for centuries, appearing in a more or less recognisable guise in works ranging from Rudyard Kipling's Puck of Pook's Hill to George R. R. Martin's A Game of Thrones. Combining an archaeological analysis of the monument itself and an examination of its rich legacy and contemporary relevance, this volume presents a reliable, modern perspective on the Wall.

Early Medieval Art and Archaeology in the Northern World brings together leading experts on the European early Middle Ages in a celebration of the life and work of internationally renowned scholar James Graham-Campbell. The geographical coverage of this volume reflects Graham-Campbell's interests and expertise which ranges from Ireland to Eastern Europe and from Scandinavia to Spain. The new perspectives and original studies offered represent a major contribution to the field of medieval studies, with papers on the art, archaeology, history and literature of European societies between the fifth and thirteenth centuries. Contributors are Noël Adams, Barry Ager, Marion M. Archibald, Birgit Arrhenius, Coleen Batey, Cormac Bourke, Stuart Brookes, Ewan Campbell, Helen Clarke, Martin Comey, Rosemary Cramp, Wendy Davies, Ben Edwards, Signe Horn Fuglesang, Richard Gem, David Griffiths, Mark A. Handley, Birgitta Hårdh, Negley Harte, David A. Hinton, Ingegerd Holand, Judith Jesch, Alan Lane, Mick Monk, Richard North, Raghnall Ó Floinn, Patrick Ottaway, Raymond I. Page, Caroline Paterson, Neil Price, Barry Raftery, Mark Redknap, Andrew Reynolds, Ian Riddler, Else Roesdahl, John Sheehan, Alison Stones, Gudrun Sveinbjarnardóttir, Gabor Thomas, Nicola Trzaska-Nartowski, Patrick F. Wallace, Leslie Webster, Naimh Whitfield, Gareth Williams, Sir David Wilson and Sue Youngs.