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Formerly the viceregal capital of Spain's vast South American empire, Lima is today a sprawling metropolis struggling to cope with a population of eight million. Located on the coast between the Andean foothills and the Pacific Ocean, it is many cities in one, with an indigenous past, an old colonial heart, and turn-of-the-century quarters modeled on Paris. Leafy suburbs like San Isidro and tranquil seaside communities such as Barranco contrast with ever-expanding shantytowns. Lima has always dominated national life, as the center of political and economic power. Long a stronghold of the European elite, the city is now home to millions of Peruvians from the Andean region as well as the descendants of African slaves and migrants from Europe, China and Japan. As a popular saying puts it, the whole of Peru is now in Lima. James Higgins explores the city's history and evolving identity as reflected in its architecture, literature, painting and music. Tracing its trajectory from colonial enclave to modern metropolis, he reveals how the capital now embodies the diversity and dynamism of Peru itself. -- CITY OF HISTORY: ceremonial sites and museums of pre-Hispanic antiquities; colonial churches and mansions; the Museum of the Inquisition; monuments to the heroes of Independence. -- CITY OF CULTURE: pre-Columbian textiles, pottery and goldwork; Baroque architecture and art; writers such as Mario Vargas Llosa and Alfredo Bryce Echenique; painters and sculptors; a vibrant popular culture. -- CITY OF MULTICULTURAL EXCHANGE: the indigenous legacy; the imposition of Spanish culture; African slaves; European and Asian immigrants; mass migration from the provinces.

This ecological history of peasant society in the Peruvian Andes focuses on the politics of irrigation and water management in three villages whose terraces and canal systems date back to Inca times. Set in a remote valley, the book tells a story of domination and resulting social decline, showing how basic changes in the use of land, water, and labor have been pivotal in transforming the indigenous way of life. The author carries out a comparison of contemporary practices in communities that vary systematically along certain dimensions. He analyzes the communities’ similarities and differences in hydraulic organization, landscaping, water use, and other variables. Strikingly diverse patterns appear in local practice, which prove to be the key to unraveling the area’s history. The book concludes by describing the recent intensification of a water conflict. This struggle between peasants and former landlords ultimately led villagers to rise up against the national government. The story culminates in the violent intrusion of the revolutionary group known as Shining Path.

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Though women played an integral role in the conquest of the New World, little has been written about their contributions. This Spanish-language work examines the lives and deeds of women who influenced the course of history in the Americas some 500 years ago. Covered in detail are the lives of Maria de Toledo, first woman governor in America; Isabel de Bobadilla, governor of Cuba and instrumental in the Spanish expedition to Florida; Ana Francisca de Borja, governor of Peru and a military leader; Beatriz de la Cueva, governor of Guatemala and a political leader; Maria de Penalosa, governor of Nicaragua and a military strategist; Isabel Barreto y Quiros, first and only woman admiral of the Spanish navy; and mestizo leaders Francisca Pizarro and Leonor de Alvarado. Also covered are more than 40 other women of the same period--Spanish, Indian, and black--who held a wide variety of leadership positions. The book draws its information from the writings of respected early historians as well as historical documents from libraries and archives in Spain, Latin America and the United States. Cortes, Pizarro, Alvarado, todos ellos hombres conocidos y famosos. Pero y las mujeres? Si bien fue el hombre el que mayormente cargo sobre sus hombros la empresa conquistadora, muchas fueron las mujeres que tambien formaron parte de tal epopeya. Sin embargo, la historia les paso por encima y las relego al triste olvido. Esta obra se empena en hacerles justicia historica a estas mujeres, destacando sus vidas y hazanas sobre todo a ocho de ellas, quizas las mas conocidas, pero no las unicas. Fueron mujeres excepcionales, resolutas, integras, juiciosas, prontas a echar un pie adelante cuando las circunstancias asi lo exigieron, pero, vale recalcar, sin renunciar en ningun momento a sus dotes de madres y esposas. De las ocho mujeres, seis fueron espanolas y dos indigenas, incluyendose, ademas, a unas cuarenta mas aunque en menos detalle. La obra rebosa humanidad y sentido historico y esta escrita en un lenguaje pulcro y sencillo, al alcance de todo tipo de lector. Sus fuentes son rigurosamente historicas y fidedignas, fruto de las mas excelsas plumas a ambos lados del Atlantico y pertenecientes a todas las epocas, incluyendo, claro esta, a los primitivos cronistas de Indias.

Voces Femeninas de Hispanoamerica presents in one volume a selection of the most representative and outstanding writing by Latin American women writers from the seventeenth century to the present. Designed as a text for third and fourth-year students, the selections, writers' biographies, historical introduction, and appendixes are entirely in Spanish, with notes to help students with difficult words or passages.

The El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon is a recurrent feature of the climate in tropical regions. In this volume leading experts summarize information gained over the past decade concerning diverse aspects of ENSO, which have led to marked improvements in our ability to forecast its development months or seasons in advance. This volume compares ENSO's modern morphology and variability with its recent historic and prehistoric behaviour. It expands and updates Diaz and Markgraf's earlier volume El Niño: Historical and Paleoclimatic Aspects of the Southern Oscillation (1992, Cambridge University Press). The volume will be of importance to a broad range of scientists in meteorology, oceanography, hydrology, geosciences, ecology, public health, emergency management response and mitigation, and decision-making. It will also be used as a supplementary textbook and reference source in graduate courses in environmental studies.