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This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

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This historic book may have numerous typos, missing text or index. Purchasers can download a free scanned copy of the original book (without typos) from the publisher. 1921. Not illustrated. Excerpt: ... XXIX THE FOUNDERS, THE MOLDERS, AND THE MOLDING MACHINE' THE manufactures of iron fall into three general classes: cast iron, wrought iron, and steel. The present paper deals with some recent problems connected with the manufacture of cast iron.2 Castings are made by preparing a pattern of the object, usually of wood, and imbedding this in a matrix of sand or loam of such a composition as will retain the shape into which it is pressed. The mold thus formed is made in two or more parts, later clamped together, with only a small hole or gate through which the metal, reduced to a fluid state in the furnace or cupola, is poured. When cool, the casting is shaken out from the sand, is cleaned, and is then ready for whatever finishing processes are needed. The general industry of casting metal is called founding, the workers are molders, the proprietors of the shops are founders or foundrymen, and the shops themselves are foundries. Sometimes foundries are adjunct to factories and make only the castings needed for the finished products of the machine shop. Sometimes they are not connected with any other establishments, but do a general machinery and jobbing business independently or on contract from concerns which have no foundries of their own. Sometimes they are large or small specialty shops turning out standardized products ready for the market. Sometimes they combine all From Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. XXXII (1018), pp. 278-308. - The expansion of the automobile industry in the last few years has brought a great demand for brass and aluminum castings. Steel castings are a still more recent development in the trade. The census includes these in its classification of foundry and machine-shop products; the National Founders' Association is open to fo...