Provides a complete overview of the principles, hardware, measurement methods, and clinical applications of three-dimensional dosimetry. Explains basic concepts with emphasis on 3D dose measurements and validation of 3D dose calculations as a key application of 3D dosimetry. Discusses accuracy requirements for 3D dosimetry in advanced radiotherapy as well as important topics such as audits, quality assurance, and testing. Presents state of the art detector and point detector instruments and systems, gel dosimetry, and electronic portal imaging device dosimetry. Addresses the main measurement approaches, from small-field dosimetry to 4D dosimetry, Monte Carlo techniques, and methods for quantifying differences in 3D dose distributions.

Features: Provides unique dosimetry for high intensity MR-guided ultrasound treatment, gold nanoparticle-enhanced radiotherapy, photodynamic therapy, thermal imaging in Bbrachytherapy, MR-guided radiotherapy, proton beam treatment, and high-definition end-to-end patient-specific dose verification. Offers clinical applications for all varieties of modern radiation detectors, and evolving dosimetry techniques including innovative calorimetry, TLD, Oone-scan film dosimetry, transmission detectors, real-time EPID dosimetry, best feasible DVH planning, 3D printing, 5D planning and delivery, as well as machine learning Summary This book provides a comprehensive collection of the newly emerging treatment modalities, covering high intensity ultrasound treatment, photodynamic therapy, MR-guided treatment machines, nanoparticle-enhanced radiotherapy, and proton beam therapy. The invited expert authors cover a wide range of the latest advancements and developments in dosimetry techniques as well asnd their clinical implications, including calorimetry, radiochromic film, transmission detectors, real-time portal dosimetry, TLD, thermal imaging dosimetry, 3D dosimetry, best feasible DVH planning, 5D planning and delivery, 3D printing, as well as machine learning in medical dosimetry. This book will bring the reader up-to-date with the state of the art in radiation dosimetry and best clinical practices using such advanced detectors.

In vivo dosimetry is widely used for patient specific dose evaluation and treatment verification in external beam radiation therapy (EBRT). There is a growing interest in using an electronic portal imaging device (EPID) for in vivo dosimetry, by correlating pixel values of measured EPID images to three-dimensional (3D) dose in the patient. In this research, a non-iterative dose reconstruction method has been employed, which utilizes phantom and EPID response functions calculated from pre-acquired Computed Tomography (CT) image and simulated EPID image from Monte Carlo (MC) simulation. The accuracy of reconstructed dose, however, is limited by that of the simulated EPID image. In this study, a previously proposed density scaled model in XVMC code has been improved by physically relevant effective atomic number modeling and employing realistic phase space data. The new model has been tested under various field sizes and phantom thickness, including homogeneous and heterogeneous media. It has been shown that the calculated EPID images from the new EPID model are agreeable to the measured EPID images after field size and phantom thickness factors applied. The improved EPID model in MC code has been used in four-dimensional (4D) dose reconstruction. Considering the patient respiratory motion, breathing phase of acquired EPID images are determined by the phase sorting method for various treatment plans. For each phase, dose reconstruction has been performed using the sorted EPID images and 4D CT image of corresponding phase. The reconstructed 3D doses of each phase have been transformed to a reference phase to calculate the accumulated dose. The reconstructed doses have been shown good agreements to the forward 4D calculation in gamma analysis and dose-volume histogram (DVH) comparison. Based on the results, the new EPID model and the suggested phase sorting method accurately reconstruct the dose to the phantom for the cases shown in this study.

"Radiotherapy is a powerful method for treating cancer. It is also a very complex method, requiring many different systems and advanced machines to cooperate seamlessly. As such, Quality Assurance (QA) plays a very important role within radiotherapy; different QA systems are needed for different parts of the radiotherapy treatment chain. In vivo transit dosimetry takes in a unique spot in the range of QA tools available for radiotherapy: as it measures during treatment, it takes into account both the delivered dose and the patient anatomy. Two-dimensional dose measurements at the side where the radiation exits the patient allows for 2D and 3D reconstruction of the dose delivered to the patient, providing a means of directly comparing the delivered dose to the intended dose. Currently, these 2D measurements are done by using Electronic Portal Imaging Devices, or EPIDs, and used in the day-to-day practice of our clinic. The aim of this thesis was to improve on the patient safety in radiotherapy by enabling this EPID in vivo dosimetry system to be used efficiently on a large-scale, and ultimately in real-time."--Samenvatting auteur.

This book provides a first comprehensive summary of the basic principles, instrumentation, methods, and clinical applications of three-dimensional dosimetry in modern radiation therapy treatment. The presentation reflects the major growth in the field as a result of the widespread use of more sophisticated radiotherapy approaches such as intensity-modulated radiation therapy and proton therapy, which require new 3D dosimetric techniques to determine very accurately the dose distribution. It is intended as an essential guide for those involved in the design and implementation of new treatment technology and its application in advanced radiation therapy, and will enable these readers to select the most suitable equipment and methods for their application. Chapters include numerical data, examples, and case studies.

Radical radiotherapy aims to concurrently achieve high tumour control probability and low normal tissue complication probability. Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) provides the highly localized radiation dose delivery necessary to reach this goal. As highly conformal techniques become more prevalent, the importance of determining, and accounting for, treatment-planning, patient-setup, and delivery errors, which result in discrepancies between the calculated and actual delivered dose, also increases. Accurate Monte Carlo-based modeling of the equipment overcomes some of these deficiencies. Unfortunately, some sources of delivery errors, such as mis-calibration of the beam-modulating system, cannot be easily incorporated in the model. Use of the amorphous-silicon detector (or EPID, for Electronic Portal Imaging Device), available on many linear accelerators, provides a solution. We hypothesize that non-transit dose images from the EPID provide us with information regarding certain delivery errors. To obtain this information, we first capture non-transit EPID dose images of the treatment field. Next, removal of intra-EPID scatter via iterative Richardson-Lucy deconvolution converts the dose image to a fluence matrix. Projected back to the height of the beam-modulating system, this matrix can be used to modulate the statistical weight of photons in a phase-space file simulating the linear accelerator from the source to this height. The modulated phase-space can be used to run Monte Carlo calculations through simulated phantoms. Assumptions regarding the EPID's electromechanical behaviour, as well as regarding beam divergence, were validated. This method was compared and validated against our centre's treatment planning system, for various configurations of the beam-modulating system, in two non-patient phantoms (water and anthropomorphic). The new procedure matched well with film measurements, consistently providing a higher percentage (~10%-15% higher) of pi.

Modern medical imaging and radiation therapy technologies are so complex and computer driven that it is difficult for physicians and technologists to know exactly what is happening at the point-of-care. Medical physicists responsible for filling this gap in knowledge must stay abreast of the latest advances at the intersection of medical imaging an

Completely updated to reflect the latest developments in science and technology, the second edition of this reference presents the diagnostic imaging tools essential to the detection, diagnosis, staging, treatment planning, and post-treatment management of cancer in both adults and children. Organized by major organs and body systems, the text offers comprehensive, abundantly illustrated guidance to enable both the radiologist and clinical oncologist to better appreciate and overcome the challenges of tumor imaging. Features 12 brand-new chapters that examine new imaging techniques, molecular imaging, minimally invasive approaches, 3D and conformal treatment planning, interventional techniques in radiation oncology, interventional breast techniques, and more. Emphasizes practical interactions between oncologists and radiologists. Includes expanded coverage of paediatric tumours as well as thorax, gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary, and musculoskeletal cancers. Offers reorganized and increased content on the brain and spinal cord. Nearly 1,400 illustrations enable both the radiologist and clinical oncologist to better appreciate and overcome the challenges of tumour imaging. - Outstanding Features! Presents internationally renowned authors' insights on recent technological breakthroughs in imaging for each anatomical region, and offers their views on future advances in the field. Discusses the latest advances in treatment planning. Devotes four chapters to the critical role of imaging in radiation treatment planning and delivery. Makes reference easy with a body-system organisation.