Chromosomes play so important a role in heredity & development that it is desirable to know their entire life cycle since this knowledge will provide a basis for better understanding of their behavior. Contents of this study: Introduction; The genus "Holomastigotoides"; Species of "Holomastigotoides" in "Prorhinotermes"; "Holomastigotoides tusitala" species novum; "Holomastigotoides diversa" species novum; Centrioles & achromatic figure; Relation of chromosomes to nucleoli; Relation of chromosomes to nuclear membrane; Single chromatids; Double chromatids; Discussion; Summary; & References. 35 plates. This is a print on demand edition of an important, hard-to-find publication.

Introduction When the study of heredity and variation first came to be treated as a scientific subject-and this, one must remember, was only just over a hundred years ago-there was an unfortunate separation between the disciplines of cytology and experimental breeding. This separation was based partly on a lack of understanding and partly on a lack of the desire to understand. Even WILLIAM BATESON, the first apostle of mendelism in England, had a blind spot for cytology and for many years dogmatically refused to believe that MENDEL'S determinants were transmitted and distributed by the chromosomes. This separation between cytology and experimental breeding is one which persists, in a measure, even today, simply because there are two quite different, though complementary, techniques available for the study of heredity and variation. On the one hand, one can study directly the structure and behaviour of the actual vehicles which transmit the genetic determinants from one generation to the next. This is the method employed by those who study genetics through a microscope. The alternative method is that used by the experimental breeder who, in default of being able to watch the hereditary factors segregate from each other directly, is obliged to examine the constitution of the germ cells indirectly by sampling, and usually at random, the products of a controlled mating.

Premature Chromosome Condensation: Application in Basic, Clinical, and Mutation Research emerged from a workshop supported by the International Union against Cancer that reviewed the status of research on premature chromosome condensation and explored future possibilities, not least in relation to cancer. The workshop was held at the Institut für Humangenetik, Freie Universität Berlin, on September 6, 1980. The book begins with a review of the process of premature chromosome condensation. This is followed by separate chapters on the functional and morphological aspects of premature chromosome condensation; the behavior of prematurely condensed chromosomes (PCC) during mitosis in binucleate and multinucleate cells; chromosomes from spermatogenic cells; and micronucleus-derived PCC. Subsequent chapters discuss the application of banding techniques to the study of PCC; the factors involved in the condensation of interphase chromatin into chromosomes; and the induction of premature chromosome condensation in somatic plant cells. This book will be helpful to readers working in basic and applied research or in teaching. These include cytogeneticists, cell biologists, biochemists, and investigators in the field of mutation research.

Reproduction: Molecular, Subcellular, and Cellular is a collection of papers presented at the Twenty-Fourth Symposium of The Society for Developmental Biology, held at Carleton, Minnesota in June 1965. The papers in the compendium focus on the clarification and definition of specific aspects of reproduction at different levels of biological organization. Topics discussed include the transcription and translation of genes; interactions between plant viruses and host cells; chromosome reproduction in mitosis and meiosis; cell and tissue interactions in the reproduction of cell type; and aging as a consequence of growth cessation. Biologists, microbiologists, and cytologists will find the book insightful.

The writing of this book is based on: 1. earlier experience writing textbooks for biology students with a university-level background in biology and biochemistry with many (>200) ?gures in these books (in Hungarian), 2. and on the necessity to present university lectures as power point presentations to catch the interest of s- dents. The author realizes that young readers who were grown up in an information society are relactant to read too much unless they have to take exams. Even then they prefer books which contain illustrations for a better understanding. In collaboration with colleagues, referees and members of the publishing staff an extensive set of photographs and illustrations were collected to provide a graphic follow-up to the text. Further aids for the student, instructor and the curious reader are provided by summaries, extensive sets of readings and references for each chapter, a glossary of the terms, list of abbreviations and a DVD with a red-blue eyeglass to visualize three dimensional chromatin structures. The reader could ask: Why another book on apoptosis? The answer to the question is related to the de?nition of the process. The term apoptosis has been introduced to describe typical morphological changes leading to controlled se- destruction of cells. The ?rst demonstrated biochemical feature of this type of cell death was internucleosomal fragmentation, which was occasionally preceded by the generation of large DNA fragments.

The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) publishes research reports, commentaries, reviews, colloquium papers, and actions of the Academy. PNAS is a multidisciplinary journal that covers the biological, physical, and social sciences.

When I prepared the first German edition of this book in 1955, it was my intention to acquaint biologists in my country with the new and exciting results being obtained on the other side of theAtlantic Ocean (incl. the English Channel). In the meantime, especially after publication of the second German edition in 1968, Dr. Konrad F. Springer and many colleagues, too, suggested that I should prepare an English version. Though this was the exact opposite of my original intention, I finally agreed despite the risks involved. Since 1968 our knowledge in Protozoology increased considerably. Though I tried to concentrate the text as much as possible, an enlargement of up to pages 554 was unavoidable. Many figures have been changed, replaced and added. Altogether their number increased from 422 to 437. In my opinion, it is only a matter of time before the "true" protozoologists dis appear. There will be cell biologists, biochemists, geneticists and others working with certain Protozoa, but very few who are interested in the group as a whole, their morphological and physiological diversity, their various types of reproduction and their relationships to other groups of organisms. Even at the present time, the Society of Protozoologists, comprising more than thousand members, consists for the most part of specialists who concentrate their efforts specifically upon Chlamy domonas, Amoeba, Plasmodium, Tetrahymena or some other protozoans.

In preparing the new completely revised edition of this glossary, which in the meantime has been translated into Russian and Polish, we have attempt ed to include the most important new terms and to revise the text in those cases where new data demanded it*. As a result about fifty percent of the text is completely rewritten. Once more we have tried to provide material suitable and usable both for students and research workers. Accordingly, depending upon our evaluation, some terms have been simply defined, others have been described at some length even to the extent of providing experi mental data. Wherever possible, synonymy and redundancy have been pointed out, and in the interest of historical accuracy the individual respon sible for introducing a particular term or concept listed with the specific paper included in the literature citations. Cross references between related terms are designated by an arrow (---*) before each relevant term. To keep the book, as far as possible, to a reasonable size the terms carried over from the earlier edition have once more been critically selected and, where necessary, revised. In spite of these efforts a certain increase in volume was unavoidable. We hope that the new edition will once more prove useful to a wide audience and enjoy the same cordial reception as the earlier ones. Comments and suggestions from the reviewers and users of the earlier editions have contribut ed signifiClllltly to the revision.