After conducting a survey of all detention officers in Maricopa County, Arizona, the author concludes that five variables within the work environment-authority, fear of victimization, institutional operations, quality of supervision, and role ambiguity-have a significant direct and/or indirect effect on an officer's willingness to use force. The findings suggest that an officer's perception of interactions and/or relationships with inmates and supervisory personnel are more influential in the use of force than the officer's perceptions of the larger organization, or his/her individual personality.

"This 127-page report details incidents in which correctional staff have deluged prisoners with painful chemical sprays, shocked them with powerful electric stun weapons, and strapped them for days in restraining chairs or beds. Staff have broken prisoners' jaws, noses, ribs; left them with lacerations requiring stitches, second-degree burns, deep bruises, and damaged internal organs. In some cases, the force used has led to their death"--Publisher's website, as viewed June 1, 2015.

This book provides a much-needed sociological account of the social world of the English prison officer, making an original contribution to our understanding of the inner life of prisons in general and the working lives of prison officers in particular. As well as revealing how the job of the prison officer - and of the prison itself - is accomplished on a day-to-day basis, the book explores not only what prison officers do but also how they feel about their work. In focusing on how prison officers feel about their work this book makes a number of interesting revelations - about the essentially domestic nature of much of the work they do, about the degree of emotional labour invested in it and about the performance nature of many of the day-to-day interactions between officers and prisoners. Finally, the book follows the prison officer home after work, showing how the prison can spill over into their home lives and family relationships. Based on extensive ethnographic fieldwork in different types of prisons (including interviews with prison officers' wives and children as well as prison officers themselves), this book will be essential reading for all those with an interest in how prisons and organisations more generally operate in practice.

The Psychology of Police Deadly Force Encounters: Science, Practice, and Police is a fascinating look into the reality of police work. The author integrates noted theories into a “street-wise” understanding of being a police officer. The focus of this book is on the use of deadly force by officers—a topic of considerable importance. The author discusses the psychosocial aspects of deadly force use, stemming from the individual officer, the situation, organizational influences, and the police culture. Expanding further into social issues, the controversial topic of race and use of deadly force is discussed. This depiction looks at both sides—that of racial victimization and that of the police—which helps to provide a rather unique perspective on this important issue. Of interest, the author breaks down the different dimensions of cognition as a factor in decision making among police, including the perception of the situation, the action taken depending on that perception, and the role of present and past memory. This will make for a useful training topic to alert officers to the cognitive processes that go into deadly force use—processes that they have the control to change to make a better decision. Next, the book delves into the biological factors that may be involved in police decision making—again where deadly force is involved. The various negative psychological impacts that a deadly force situation may bring about are identified and explained. This book will be useful as a tool for both law enforcement practitioners and researchers to better understand the intricacies of deadly force by the police. For researchers, the book has a multitude of references available for further exploration. It will prove to be a useful guide and reference volume for police managers and supervisors, mental health clinicians, investigators, attorneys, judges, law enforcement educators and trainers, rank and file police officers, including expert witnesses.

The first detailed description of when and how the police may use force under the international law of law enforcement.

History of Corrections / Peter M. Carlson, Tom Roth and Anthony P. Travisono --American jails / Arthur Wallenstein and Ken Kerle --Prison architecture / Robert S. George --Developing technology / Peter M. Carlson and Sonya D. Thompson --Custody and security / Michael B. Cooksey --Inmate classification / Peter M. Carlson --Education and vocational training / Harold David Jenkins --Recreation / Harold L. Kahler --Health care / Robert R. Thompson --Mental health / Sally C. Johnson --Religious programming / Susan M. Van Baalen --Intake, discharge, mail and documentation / Jeffrey W. Frazier --Food service / Lavinia B. Johnson --Financial operations / Beverly Pierce --Working with the media / Judith Simon Garrett --Community relations boards / Paula McAlister --Political involvement / Judith Simon Garrett --Organization and management / Peter M. Carlson and John J. Dilulio, Jr. --Leadership : executive excellence / Harley G. Lappin --Governing : personnel management / Robert L. Wright --A day in the life of the warden / James A. Meko --Diversity of correctional officers / Peter M. Carlson --Labor relations / Michael H. Jaime and Amanda R. Burruel --Preventing corruption / Sal Souryal --Sexual misconduct / Anadora Moss --Volunteering / Richard L. Stalder --Disciplinary procedures / Clair A. Cripe --Grievance procedures / Lisa Hutchinson Wallace, Kevin I. Minor and James Stephen Parsons --Protective custody / Kevin I. Minor, Lisa Hutchinson and James Stephen Parson --Suicide / Daniel W. Phillips III --The death penalty / Julie C. Eng --Gang management / Mark S. Fleisher --Special needs offenders / Judy C. Anderson --Sex offenders / Gilbert L. Ingram and Peter M. Carlson --Visitation / Reginald A. Wilkinson and Tessa Unwin --Prison work and industry / Steve Schwalb, Robert C. Grieser and J.C Keeney --Drug treatment / James A. Inciardi, James E. Rivers and Duane C. McBride --Prisoner access to the courts / Kenneth C. Haas --Compliance with the constitution.

Sets out to identify the most pressing issues affecting the correctional system today. Maintaining a solutions-focus, the book organizes problems into two distinct categories: those impacting the convicts and correctional facilities and those impacting the correctional officers and administrators. It examines long-standing, and emerging issues from a critical perspective, grounding discussion in empirical research and current events. Using the consistent voice of a single author, the book offers a no nonsense approach to explaining the problems of correctional officers, correctional managers, prisoners, and the public.