Marine Invertebrate Evolution in the Galapagos Islands MATTHEW J. JAMES 1. Perspective of This Volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2. Directions for Future Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 3. Plan of This Volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1. Perspective of This Volume Charles Darwin brought the Galapagos Islands to the attention of zoologists, botanists, and geologists following the six-week visit of H. M. S. Beagle to the islands in 1835. Since then published research on the biota of the islands, partic ularly in multiauthored volumes, has focused on terrestrial plants and animals. The present volume is designed specifically to provide a summary of work on the marine invertebrate fauna. One deviation from that objective was the inclusion of a chapter on land snails, which proved to be a good choice because the phylum Mollusca is now covered more thoroughly in this volume than in any single previous scholarly work on the Galapagos. The academic bottom line with this book is to elucidate the evolutionary responses of shallow water, benthic marine invertebrates to the unique set of insular conditions that exist in the Galapagos Islands. The route taken to that objective has many paths including taxonomic revision, determining biogeo graphic affinities, and examining the ecological requirements of species. The information presented here is for some groups from the islands the first stage in a thorough process that can eventually lead to an understanding of the phylogenetic relationships of these species.

The first large-scale attempt at controlling the red tide was made in the autumn of 1957. About 16 square miles stretching along 32 miles of shoreline from Anclote Key to Pass-a-grille Beach, off St. Petersburg, Florida, were dusted with copper sulfate (CuSO4·5H2O) at about 20 pounds to the acre by crop-dusting planes. The copper very quickly reduced G̲y̲m̲ṉo̲ḏi̲ṉi̲u̲m̲ ḇṟe̲v̲e̲, the red tide organisms, from several million to practically none per liter relieving the area of the respiratory irritation caused by the airborne toxin of G̲. ḇṟe̲v̲e̲. In 2 out of 5 areas the organisms rose again to concentrations lethal to fish in 10 to 14 days after dusting. This method is not recommended for general control, but will give temporary relief in local situations from the airborne toxin