The resource transfer problem (RTP) is a modeling and solution framework for integrated complex scheduling and rich vehicle routing problems. It allows the modeling of a wide variety of scheduling problems, vehicle routing problems, their combination with integrated problems, as well as various specific requirements and restrictions arising in practical scheduling and vehicle routing. Based on the unifying resource transfer problem framework, this book proposes a generic constraint propagation approach that exploits the specific structure of scheduling and routing problems.

The paper analyzes whether the SDR system generates permanent resource transfers—i.e., transfers of resources that do not involve equivalent quid pro quos. It is argued that SDR allocation only gives rise to permanent resource transfers if the SDR interest rate is uncompetitive or if holding SDRs is perceived to be risky, and that the use of SDRs gives rise to permanent resource transfers only if the SDR interest rate is uncompetitive. These conclusions are reconciled with the fact that SDR allocation can provide reserves to many countries at terms more favorable than the costs of borrowing or earning reserves.

This book provides a comprehensive review of environmental benefit transfer methods, issues and challenges, covering topics relevant to researchers and practitioners. Early chapters provide accessible introductory materials suitable for non-economists. These chapters also detail how benefit transfer is used within the policy process. Later chapters cover more advanced topics suited to valuation researchers, graduate students and those with similar knowledge of economic and statistical theory and methods. This book provides the most complete coverage of environmental benefit transfer methods available in a single location. The book targets a wide audience, including undergraduate and graduate students, practitioners in economics and other disciplines looking for a one-stop handbook covering benefit transfer topics and those who wish to apply or evaluate benefit transfer methods. It is designed for those both with and without training in economics

This book presents refereed proceedings of the First International Conference on Neural Computing for Advanced Applications, NCAA 2020, held in July, 2020. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic the conference was held online. The 36 full papers and 7 short papers were thorougly reviewed and selected from a total of 113 qualified submissions. The papers present resent research on such topics as neural network theory, and cognitive sciences, machine learning, data mining, data security & privacy protection, and data-driven applications, computational intelligence, nature-inspired optimizers, and their engineering applications, cloud/edge/fog computing, the Internet of Things/Vehicles (IoT/IoV), and their system optimization, control systems, network synchronization, system integration, and industrial artificial intelligence, fuzzy logic, neuro-fuzzy systems, decision making, and their applications in management sciences, computer vision, image processing, and their industrial applications, and natural language processing, machine translation, knowledge graphs, and their applications.

February 1998 Rapid economic growth in Indonesia starting in the 1970s was fueled by market-based resource transfers, which helped modernize regional economies, creating the driving force for industrialization; and more welfare-oriented, government-based resource transfers, or development spending, which favored the poorer outer islands. In 1970, Indonesia was a poor agricultural state, with a per capita GNP of only US$80-the lowest among Asian economies and substantially lower than such African countries as Kenya and Ghana. Agriculture-with about 50 percent of GDP and 66 percent of the labor force- the dominant sector. In the 1970s, however, Indonesia showed rapid economic growth (5 percent a year). Softened world oil markets brought a slowdown in growth in the early 1980s, but growth recovered and per capita GNP in 1994 was US$880, comparable with the Philippines and substantially higher than many South Asian and African countries. Agriculture had only a 22 percent share of GDP; industry, 41 percent; and services, 42 percent. But Indonesia is enormously diverse and some parts of it did much better economically than others. As the country's economy grew, market-based resource transfers helped modernize regional economies, creating the driving force for industrialization. By contrast, government-based resource transfers, in the form of development spending, were more welfare-oriented, favoring the poorer outer islands (and did not contribute to industrialization). In other words, economic growth was sustained by two driving forces, government- and market-based transfers, which complemented each other. The oil boom was a bonanza, producing new fiscal revenue, a luxury only oil-exporting countries could enjoy. It is not always a ticket to successful industrialization, as the tragic experiences of such oil-exporting economies as Mexico show. This paper-a product of the Development Research Group-is part of a Japanese research project on the political economy of rural development strategies.