This book arises from a meeting held at Wiston House, Sussex, UK, in September 1987. The meeting brought together academic, governmental and industrial experts from eight countries to discuss the increasingly important sUbject of the relations between civil and defence technologies. It was primarily funded under the Advanced Research Workshops Programme of NATO's Scientific Affairs Division, and was the first science policy workshop funded by the Programme. Additional financial support came from the Leverhulme Trust. The choice of topic, of speakers and, finally, of papers to be published was entirely ours. The conclusions reached were our own and those of the partIcipants. They were not in any way guided by NATO; nor do they represent NATO policy. We speak for all the participants in offering our thanks to the NATO SCIentific Affairs Division, especially Secretary General Durand and Dr. Craig Sinclair, for rnei r- generosity and encouragement. WIthout them this book would not exist. We thank the Leverhulme Trust for enabling assistance to be provided to the Workshop Directors, in the form of lain Bate, who himself played a major part in the success of the meeting. The staff of Wiston House must also be thanked for prOViding an admirable environment for the meeting. For secretarial support prior to the meeting we thank Gill Miller and Lesley Price. Finally, we offer special thanks to Mrs. Yvonne Aspinall for converting all the papers, in whatever state they were presented, into camera-ready copy with such professionalism and gOOd humour.

Military Production and Innovation in Spain extends the scope beyond the traditional analysis of arms producers to include components and sub-systems manufacturers. It combines a description of the changes experienced by Spanish military production with an analysis of its deeply-rooted structural characteristics. The book provides an in-depth exploration of the Spanish military-related industry, its links with the rest of the economy and its potential role as a technological engine for the Spanish economy.

Profound changes are occurring in the structure of arms production in Western Europe. Concentration is increasing at a fast pace. Small producers are disappearing and even large ones are opting out of the market. The various national arms industries, long operating in protective environments, are rapidly internationalizing. Three factors combine to bring about this change: East-West detente, the creation of the Single European Market, and the constant pressure of increasingly complex technology. In this book experts describe how the framework for producing arms in Western Europe is altered, and how various actors--firms, governments, and trade unions--are adapting to the new situation. The book presents detailed analyses of all the arms-producing countries in Western Europe. In addition to describing recent changes, the authors speculate on the implications of these for the balance of power in Western Europe, the relations between Western Europe and the United States, arms exports to the Third World, and problems of converting from military to civilian production. The appendices include the SIPRI list of the 50 largest arms-producing companies in Western Europe; data on mergers and acquisitions, procurement expenditure, and exports of major weapons; selections from treaties and other official documents relevant to current and future regulation of West European arms production; and a select bibliography.

This title was first published in 2000: The theme of this collection of essays is "technology transfer". The topic has three major aspects: the interchange of technologies between military and civilian applications - "spin-off", "dual use", "conversion" and "diversification" fall under this heading; the proliferation of military arms, which could occur either through arms races between developed nations or through the transfer of military technology from developed arms industries to less developed nations - "proliferation", "arms races" and "arms control agreements" fall under this heading; and the transfer of civilian technologies from developing nations to less developed nations. The expression, "North-South transfer" and the idea of "development" come under this final section. The essays offer examination of all three aspects.

Countries establish defence industries for various reasons. Chief among these are usually a concern with national security, and a desire to be as independent as possible in the supply of the armaments which they believe they need. But defence industries are different from most other industries. Their customer is governments. Their product is intended to safeguard the most vital interests of the state. The effectiveness of these products (in the real, rather than the experimental sense) is not normally tested at the time of purchase. If, or when, it is tested, many other factors (such as the quality of political and military leadership) enter into the equation, so complicating judgments about the quality of the armaments, and about the reliability of the promises made by the manufacturers. All of these features make the defence sector an unusually political industrial sector. This has been true in both the command economies of the former Soviet Union and its satellites, and in the market or mixed economies of the west. In both cases, to speak only a little over-generally, the defence sector has been particularly privileged and particularly protected from the usual economic vicissitudes. In both cases, too, its centrality to the perceived vital interests of the state has given it an unusual degree of political access and support.

This book draws on the ten nation CREDIT (Capacity for Research on European Defence and Industrial Technology) network which was set up to tackle issue concerning defence science, technology and industrial policy, including the implications of the Cold War and a growing pan-European emphasis. By providing a comparative study of policy and practice in the countries of western Europe, the book provides vital insights into how governments and firms can begin to search for European-wide solutions to the dilemmas that face them.

The book describes the scale, benefits and costs of military research and development. It discusses the process of converting military R&D to civilian applications, and examines specific opportunities for, and obstacles to, conversion in the USA, Russia, France, Germany, and the UK. Among a number of case studies, senior scientists from US and Russian nuclear weapons laboratories debate the futures for these massive complexes. Looking to the future, the dual military/civilian nature of technology is discussed.

The momentous events of the past year have changed the political face of the globe: the ideological struggle that dominated the world for most of this century is over; erstwhile mortal enemies have become friends and partners. But old attitudes have survived and modern weapons are in abundance. New foci of conflict have emerged; military confrontations are taking place; the world is still in turmoil.The welcome deep cuts in nuclear weapons have still left thousands of warheads in the arsenals, and the spread of these weapons to new states would further increase the danger of a nuclear confrontation.The release of the pressure pent-up under oppressive regimes created a powerful drive for independence, often achieved only after bloody wars. Many of the new states are economically non-viable: poverty and famine are frequent adjuncts of independence.If military conflicts are to be avoided, a comprehensive strategy must be formulated to improve the standards of living in the developing countries and enhance their security. A strategy is also needed to protect the environment from the effects of further industrialization and greater use of energy. What is needed is a concept of a sustainable, equitable and liveable world for all its inhabitants.All these problems were analysed by scientists and scholars who met at a Pugwash Conference. The arguments used by them and the proposed solutions are presented in this book under six themes: World Peace; Nuclear Disarmament Issues; Arms Control; Security in the Asia-Pacific Region; Development Strategies and World Economic Order; Energy and the Environment.

In the light of increased discussion of technology policy by all major industrial countries, this volume presents the state of the debates and institutional change in the United States, the United Kingdom, the European Union and Canada. It goes on to present studies of the major changes taking place in these countries, with regards to the adoption of new technology, and the reorganization of institutions to suit these changes.

After many years of sterile arms control negotiations between the super powers, which did not produce a single genuine disarmament measure - and sometimes had the opposite effect of stimulating the development of new weapons to serve as bargaining chips - an agreement to abolish completely two categories of nu clear weapons, the INF Treaty, was signed and is now being implemented. This historical event, the first actual destruction of deployed nuclear missiles (although not of their warheads) became possible largely because of the radical changes in the policies of the Soviet Union, the "new way of thinking", ad vanced by its leader Mikhail Gorbachev. The relaxation of tension that resulted from this policy was one of the factors contributing to the successful conclu sion of the INF Treaty. Another, no less important factor, was the acceptance by the Soviet Union of on-site inspections as a basic element of a verification system essential to ensure compliance with the Treaty. This breakthrough led to the mutual acceptance of an elaborate and precise verification regime, and thus made possible the signing of the INF Treaty, which in tum contributed to the further lessening of tension between East and West. But perhaps the most important factor, one which carries much promise for the future, was the changed approach to security problems.