PREFACE The traditional Tibetan medical system is composed of vast indigenous healing knowledge and practices, and offers holistic treatment aimed at regulating and maintaining the balance of the functional principles of the mind and body. These principles are related to the characteristics of the elemental cosmic energies and as such, it is understood that any disturbances in the environment can directly or indirectly affect the health of a person. The long history it enjoys, the sound foundations on which it is established, and the increasing popularity it has earned are clear indications that Tibetan Medicine is relevant and important even in the modern world. This valuable medical treasure is found in the highly esteemed Gyueshhi (Four Tantras), a complete and profound multi-faceted text, encompassing the unabridged theories and practices of Tibetan Medicine. It is the creation of eminent ancient scholars of Tibet and was achieved by practice, invention, and development through their intellectual wisdom. Based on practical experience with the ancient medical knowledge of the Tibetans, which relates to their unique culture, customs, and environment, the legendary Yuthok Yonten Gonpo, Father of Tibetan Medicine, composed the Gyueshhi by incorporating the essence of the then known Asian medical systems, such as Ayurvedic, Chinese, and Greek medicine, making it one of the oldest, most comprehensive and reliable medical systems in the world. Tibetan Medicine offers a complete system of diagnostic and treatment methods based on an enormous herbal pharmacopoeia produced by complex and systematic manufacturing processes. The essential principles of Tibetan Medicine are harmony and balance, which lends it an inspiring relevance to the health problems of the modern world, including the prevention of various psychosomatic disorders. The teaching and practice of Tibetan Medicine is mainly concentrated in Tibet; however, the entire belt of the Himalayan region, India, Mongolia, Kalmykia, and Buryatia, as well as a few Western countries also share in the practice of Tibetan Medicine. Due to the growing popularity of Tibetan Medicine worldwide, the increasing number of people interested in this discipline, and in line with the enduring wishes of His Holiness the Dalai Lama, the time has come to pass on this precise knowledge and instruction. Our goal is to share Tibetan medical knowledge and its practices by making it available particularly to non-Tibetans, and for it to be widely used by English-speaking medical practitioners, scientists, and researchers who have a commitment to providing quality health care to all human beings. Hence, overcoming the narrow attitudes of seclusion and secrecy, Men-Tsee-Khang started a translation project to make an authentic interpretation of the original Tibetan medical knowledge available to interested people everywhere, so that new thoughts and methods can be introduced into daily practice and provide greater benefits for the peoples of the world.

PREFACE The Tibetan medical system, more popularly known as Sowa Rigpa (Knowledge of Healing), is undoubtedly as old as Tibetan civilization itself. The earliest inhabitants of Tibet were confronted with a host of difficulties due to the way they had to live during those ancient times. The only means of sustenance and survival was to rely on the various natural resources around them. These early people gradually learned the uses and medical efficacy of natural resources. The inherent discernment of these early people led them to discover natural remedies for various healthrelated problems. Their innate urge to overcome physical discomfort, combined with their curiosity about the world around them, made them create some effective natural remedies for many common illnesses. Drinking and sprinkling cold water against fever, compressing cold stone on an inflamed swelling, using heated oil to stop bleeding, drinking hot water for indigestion, eating boiled foods rather than eating them raw - these insights1 and many others have proven their effectiveness and have continued to be of use even to this day. The development of the Tibetan science of healing is based on the wisdom of such ancient medical practices. The application of a medical remedy against poisoning2 as pronounced by Tsiblha Karma Yolde to the first king of Tibet Nyatri Tsenpo (circa 300 B.C.) clearly demonstrates that the early inhabitants of Tibet had knowledge of the therapeutic value of herbs and minerals even during that time. Medical knowledge continued to be passed on by means of various oral traditions and has kept alive the knowledge of numerous remedies over many centuries. Before Buddhism and the present Tibetan script were introduced to Tibet, the Bon religious and cultural traditions flourished in the region of Shang Shung in southwestern Tibet. The legendary Bon master and cultural founder Tonpa Shenrab Miwoche was born in Purang, Tibet, at the time of the Lord Buddha. The Bon master authored many important medical literatures such as Sojay Kyi Do Ghu, Sorig Chegyud Daser, Sojay Nadbum Nagpo3, Sojay Manbum Karp4, Sothab Chedbum Trawo5, and Tsawa Thukbum Khangon6 and he established the foundation for the development of the Bon medical tradition. His eldest son, Chebu Trishey, learned the art of medicine from his father and later became a very important figure in the development of the Bon medical system. At that time, Bon religion and culture were at their height and shamanistic ways of healing were very popular throughout Tibet. They undoubtedly influenced the existing Tibetan medical knowledge and practices. The Gyueshi (Four Tantras) which is the fundamental text of Tibetan medicine, contains mantras and the names of some medicinal substances, compounds, and diseases in the original Bon language. This is a clear indication of the influence of Bon on Tibetan medicine. We can therefore assume that there was knowledge and practices of medicine before the reign of King Lha Thothori Nyentsen and before the introduction of the present Tibetan script during the 7th century.

The Traditional Tibetan medical system is composed of a vast indigenous healing knowledge and practices offering a holistic treatment aimed at regulating and maintaining the balance of the functional principles of the mind and body. These principles are related to the characteristics of the cosmic elemental energies and as such any disturbances in the environment directly or indirectly affect the health of a person. The long history it enjoys, the sound foundations on which it is established and the increasing popularity it has earned are clear indications that Tibetan Medicine is relevant and important in the modern world. These valuable medical treasures are found in the highly esteemed “Gyueshhi”(Four Tantras), a complete and profound multi-faceted fundamental text of Tibetan Medicine, encompassing the unabridged theories and practices of Tibetan Medicine. It is the creation of ancient eminent scholars of Tibet by means of practice, invention and development through their intellectual wisdom. Based on the practical experience of the ancient medical knowledge of Tibetans that relates to their unique culture, its custom and environment, the legendary Yuthok Yonten Gonpo, father of Tibetan Medicine, composed Gyueshhi by incorporating the essence of the then known Asian medical systems including Ayurveda, Chinese and Greek medicine; making it one of the oldest, most comprehensive and reliable medical systems in the world. Tibetan Medicine is one of the oldest surviving medical systems with an enormous herbal pharmacopoeia, complex and systematic manufacturing processes and a complete system of diagnosis and treatment. The most essential principles of Tibetan Medicine are harmony and balance, establishing it with an inspiring relevance to the health problems of the modern world and in the prevention of various psycho-physical disorders. The teaching and practice of Tibetan Medicine is mainly concentrated in Tibet, however, the entire belt of the Himalayan region, India, Mongolia, Kalmykia, Buryatia and a few countries in the West also shared the practices of Tibetan Medicine.

Tibetan Buddhist Medical Embryology—A practical guide to everyone discusses in detail the formation and development of human embryo from the perspective of Tibetan medicine and Buddhism. According to them, a new human being appears not merely in the result of conception but—as it is strongly emphasized—due to karmic relationship between parents and bardo consciousness, afflictive emotions and the presence of five elements which are indispensable causes and conditions of conception. In the mother’s womb, thirty eight different Loong energies play a key role in the development of child and during the gestation period, the shape of an embryo changes into three significant stages. Though these concepts may seem difficult at first, a keen reader will soon realize that they are excellent tools for grasping the dynamics of the embryo development, particularly the interplay of internal, sublime forces which are of key importance for the miracle which is the development of a highly specialised, intelligent being from just two cells. These tools also allow to perceive the complexity of all the external links and relations which interact in the process, and they further enrich the perspective by adding the factor of time. In the result, we, as Tibetan medical practitioners, have at our disposal a system of precise, extensive and well-tested guidelines plus pharmacopeia and manual therapies, to assist us in our profession which we view as an act of compassion extended towards all living beings, in tune with Buddhist precepts. The book also offers a discussion on the mind-body nature and the three principle energies of human body within the context of Tibetan medicine, i.e Loong as the subtle principle energy of the body and mind which retains the nature of air element, Tripa as the heat energy of the body which is associated with the fire element and hot in nature and Baekan is the fluid energy of the body, associated with the earth and water elements and cold in nature. Hopefully, it will assist the readers in identifying characteristic features of these energies in themselves and in their environment, and developing a practical, health-supporting approach to diet and life style which is indispensable for the well being of parents and their future children. I also added a few practical suggestions and some traditional customs related to gestation, childbirth and first days of the newborn child, hoping to provide guidelines for new parents, and also to give you a brief insight into rich Tibetan culture which has much to offer to the contemporary, industrialised world. With the best wishes for you and your children’s good health and long life. Dr. Tenzin Nyima

This rich collection focuses on the nexus between Buddhism and healing in the modern and contemporary world, highlighting the many ways Buddhists have adapted in response to and in dialogue with modern science, biomedicine, and other facets of modernity from the nineteenth century to today. Buddhist healing activities are much more diverse than the narrow range of mindfulness techniques that have dominated scholarly and popular focus. From the community-based healing practices of Asian American Buddhists and transnational Tantric sex therapy retreats to concerns about balancing being contemporary with being authentically Buddhist, contributors explore how Buddhists have rethought the mind-body relationship against the backdrop of the modernization and globalization of Buddhism. They examine Buddhists navigating the differences and commonalities that exist in their practice and modern systems of mental and physical healthcare, paying attention to how they have negotiated shifting configurations of legitimacy, authority, and authenticity. Through historical and ethnographic case studies, the work details these ruptures and reconciliations in Japan, Sri Lanka, Tibet, Korea, and the United States, in addition to mapping the transnational pathways of exchange as knowledge about Buddhism and medicine has traveled between Asia and the West. Buddhism and Healing in the Modern World encompasses a wide range of Buddhist ideas about health and health-seeking practices that remain a vital part of the everyday practice of modern Buddhism across the globe.

Bodies in Balance: The Art of Tibetan Medicine is the first comprehensive, interdisciplinary exploration of the triangular relationship among the Tibetan art and science of healing (Sowa Rigpa), Buddhism, and arts and crafts. Generously illustrated with more than 200 images, Bodies in Balance includes essays on contemporary practice, pharmacology and compounding medicines, astrology and divination, history and foundational treatises. The volume brings to life the theory and practice of this ancient healing art. 2015 Best Art Book Accolade, ICAS Book Prize in the Humanities Category Bodies in Balance: The Art of Tibetan Medicine is the first comprehensive, interdisciplinary exploration of the triangular relationship among the Tibetan art and science of healing (Sowa Rigpa), Buddhism, and arts and crafts. This book is dedicated to the history, theory, and practice of Tibetan medicine, a unique and complex system of understanding body and mind, treating illness, and fostering health and well-being. Sowa Rigpa has been influenced by Chinese, Indian, and Greco-Arab medical traditions but is distinct from them. Developed within the context of Buddhism, Tibetan medicine was adapted over centuries to different health needs and climates across the region encompassing the Tibetan Plateau, the Himalayas, and Mongolia. Its focus on a holistic approach to health has influenced Western medical thinking about the prevention, diagnoses, and treatment of illness. Generously illustrated with more than 200 images, Bodies in Balance includes essays on contemporary practice, pharmacology and compounding medicines, astrology and divination, history and foundational treatises. The volume brings to life the theory and practice of this ancient healing art.

Knowledge and Context in Tibetan Medicine is a collection of ten essays in which a team of international scholars describe and interpret Tibetan medical knowledge. With subjects ranging from the relationship between Tibetan and Greco-Arab conceptions of the bodily humors, to the rebranding of Tibetan precious pills for cross-cultural consumption in the People’s Republic of China, each chapter explores representations and transformations of medical concepts across different historical, cultural, and/or intellectual contexts. Taken together this volume offers new perspectives on both well-known Tibetan medical texts and previously unstudied sources, blazing new trails and expanding the scope of the academic study of Tibetan medicine. Contributors include: Henk W.A. Blezer, Yang Ga, Tony Chui, Katharina Sabernig, Tawni Tidwell, Tsering Samdrup, Carmen Simioli, William A. McGrath, Susannah Deane and Barbara Gerke

Explaining Dzogchen teachings for the Western audience, this text provides a study and translation of the 'Authenticity of Open Awareness', a foundational text of the Bon Dzogchen tradition. This book provides an introductory and explanatory material that situates it in the context of Tibetan thought.

Originally published in 1997, Religions of Tibet in Practice is a landmark work--the first major anthology on the topic ever produced. This new edition--abridged to further facilitate course use--presents a stunning array of works that together offer an unparalleled view of the Tibetan religious landscape over the centuries. Organized thematically, the twenty-eight chapters are testimony to the vast scope of religious practice in the Tibetan world, past and present. Religions of Tibet in Practice remains a work of great value to scholars, students, and general readers.

Tibetan Literature addresses the immense variety of Tibet's literary heritage. An introductory essay by the editors attempts to assess the overall nature of 'literature' in Tibet and to understand some of the ways in which it may be analyzed into genres. The remainder of the book contains articles by nearly thirty scholars from America, Europe, and Asia—each of whom addresses an important genre of Tibetan literature. These articles are distributed among eight major rubrics: two on history and biography, six on canonical and quasi-canonical texts, four on philosophical literature, four on literature on the paths, four on ritual, four on literary arts, four on non-literary arts and sciences, and two on guidebooks and reference works.