This extensively revised and updated second edition of The Neoplatonists provides a valuable introduction to the thought of the four central Neoplatonist philosophers, Plotinus, Porphyry, Proclus and Iamblichus.

This extensively revised and updated second edition of The Neoplatonists provides a valuable introduction to the thought of the four central Neoplatonist philosophers, Plotinus, Porphyry, Proclus and Iamblichus.

This volume dispels the idea that Platonism was an otherworldly enterprise which neglected the study of the natural world. Leading scholars examine how the Platonists of late antiquity sought to understand and explain natural phenomena: their essays offer a new understanding of the metaphysics of Platonism, and its place in the history of science.

Forms, Souls, and Embryos allows readers coming from different backgrounds to appreciate the depth and originality with which the Neoplatonists engaged with and responded to a number of philosophical questions central to human reproduction, including: What is the causal explanation of the embryo’s formation? How and to what extent are Platonic Forms involved? In what sense is a fetus ‘alive,’ and when does it become a human being? Where does the embryo’s soul come from, and how is it connected to its body? This is the first full-length study in English of this fascinating subject, and is a must-read for anyone interested in Neoplatonism or the history of medicine and embryology.

“Neoplatonism, a development of Plato’s metaphysical and religious teaching, whose best-known representatives were Plotinus, Porphyry, Iamblichus and Proclus, was the dominant philosophical school of the later Roman Empire and has been a major influence on European and Near Eastern thought and culture ever since. Yet, though Plotinus has gained fame as a mystic and Porphyry as a formidable opponent of the early Church, the school’s philosophy has been little studied in modern times, largely because of the difficulty of the Neoplatonists’ writings and the lack of a good summary exposition. This defect Dr Wallis seeks to remedy in this, the first full-length study of the school by a single author to appear for over half a century.Dr Wallis’ aim has been to assist readers of the Neoplatonists’ works by an analysis of their leading ideas, based on the most recent scholarship and explaining clearly both what they said and why they said it. Particular attention is given to doctrinal disagreements within the school, and special sections deal with the Neoplatonists’ treatment of Platonic and Aristotelian texts, their attitude to Christianity and their later influence. It is shown how from one point of view Neoplatonism marks a synthesis of Classical Greek thought, whereas from another it applies that synthesis to problems of religious experience and man’s inner life which had been relatively little discussed by its predecessors. It is this application of reason to inner experience, the author suggests, that gives Neoplatonism a continuing importance and special relevance to our own day.”- Publisher

The most comprehensive collection of Neoplatonic writings available in English, this volume provides translations of the central texts of four major figures of the Neoplatonic tradition: Plotinus, Porphyry, Iamblichus, and Proclus. The general Introduction gives an overview of the period and takes a brief but revealing look at the history of ancient philosophy from the viewpoint of the Neoplatonists. Historical background--essential for understanding these powerful, difficult, and sometimes obscure thinkers--is provided in extensive footnotes, which also include cross-references to other works relevant to particular passages.

Although Neoplatonism has long been studied by classicists, until recently most philosophers saw the ideas of Plotinus et al as a lot of religious/magical mumbo-jumbo. Recent work however has provided a new perspective on the philosophical issues in Neoplatonism and Pauliina Remes new introduction to the subject is the first to take account of this fresh research and provides a reassessment of Neoplatonism's philosophical credentials. Covering the Neoplatonic movement from its founder, Plotinus (AD 204-70) to the closure of Plato's Academy in AD 529 Remes explores the ideas of leading Neoplatonists such as Porphyry, lamblichus, Proclus, Simplicius and Damascius as well as less well-known thinkers. Situating their ideas alongside classical Platonism, Stoicism, and the neo-Pythagoreans as well as other intellectual movements of the time such as Gnosticism, Judaism and Christianity, Remes provides a valuable survey for the beginning student and non-specialist.

The Neoplatonists have a perfectionist view of freedom: an entity is free to the extent that it succeeds in making itself good. Free entities are wholly in control of themselves—they are self-determining, self-constituting, and self-knowing. Neoplatonist philosophers argue that such freedom is only possible for non-bodily things. The human soul is free insofar as it rises above bodily things and engages in intellection, but when it turns its desires to bodily things, it is drawn under the sway of fate and becomes enslaved. Ursula Coope discusses this notion of freedom and its relation to questions about responsibility. She explains the important role of notions of self-reflexivity in Neoplatonist accounts of both freedom and responsibility. In Part I, Coope sets out the puzzles Neoplatonist philosophers face about freedom and responsibility and explains how these puzzles arise from earlier discussions. Part II explores the metaphysical underpinnings of the Neoplatonist notion of freedom (concentrating especially on the views of Plotinus and Proclus). In what sense, if any, is the ultimate first principle of everything (the One) free? If everything else is under this ultimate first principle, how can anything other than the One be free? What is the connection between freedom and nonbodiliness? Finally, Coope considers in Part III questions about responsibility, arising from this perfectionist view of freedom. Why are human beings responsible for their behaviour, in a way that other animals are not? If we are enslaved when we act viciously, how can we be to blame for our vicious actions and choices?

The transmission of Greek learning to the Arabic-speaking world paved the way to the rise of Arabic philosophy. This volume offers a deep and multifarious survey of transmission of Greek philosophy through the schools of late Antiquity to the Syriac-speaking and Arabic-speaking worlds.

Augoeides is Divine Spirit, our seventh and highest principle. Augoeides alone can redeem the soul. It is the personal god of every man. Augoeides is Atman, the Self, the mighty Lord and Protector, who shows Its full power to those who can hear the “still small voice.” It is the Inner Man released from its gross counterpart, bathing in the Light of His Essence, and reflecting the Spirit of Truth. Augoeides is our Luminous Self or Immortal Spirit. It alone can defend, champion, and vindicate Truth. And It will, if we follow Its behests, instead of demeaning It by our lower propensities. Augoeides is the Soul of the Spiritual Man lit by its own Light. The man who has conquered matter sufficiently to be illumined by his Augoeides, feels the Spirit of Truth intuitionally and cannot err in his judgment, for he is Illuminated. Then the brilliant Augoeides, the Divine Self, will vibrate in conscious harmony with both poles of the human Entity — the man of matter purified, and the ever pure Spiritual Soul. And the illuminated man, still living but no more longing, will stand in the presence of the Master Self, the Christos of the mystic Gnostic, blended, merged into with his Augoeides for ever. Augoeides is the Nous of the Greeks redeemed from the flesh, luciform and pure. When a soul begins understanding the works of the Father, it plucks the empyrean fruits of sentient life and flies from the shameless wing of Fate towards the true Light where it becomes luciform, ethereal, and pure. After a long rest in the Elysian fields the soul abandons her luciform abode and renews her earthly bonds by descending to objective existence. Augoeides sheds more or less Its radiance on the Inner Man — the Astral Soul. But It never flows forth into the living man, it just overshadows him. Upon Its last birth, the Monad, radiating with all the glory of its immortal Parent loses all recollection of the past, and returns to objective consciousness when the instinct of childhood gives way to reason and intelligence. Upon death of the personality, the Monad exultingly rejoins the radiant Augoeides and the two merge into one (with a glory proportioned to the spiritual purity of the past earth-life), the Adam who has completed the circle of necessity and is now freed from the last vestige of his physical encasement. Upon death of the soul the individual ceases to exist altogether, for his glorious Augoeides has left him. Adepts can project their Augoeides to any place of their choosing while their physical body is left entranced. The seventh and highest aspect of the “Luminous Egg,” or the individual magnetic aura in which every man is enveloped when it assumes the form of its body, it becomes the “Radiant” and Luminous Augoeides. It is this form which at times becomes the Illusionary Body (Mayavi-Rupa). Adepts rarely invoke their Augoeides, except for the instruction of some neophytes, and to obtain knowledge of the most solemn importance. With G.R.S. Mead’s essay on the Augoeides, and Bulwer-Lytton’s vision of his own Augoeides.