Information theory and cybernetics have developed along somewhat different lines in Europe and in the U. S. A. This book is to be seen as a contribution towards bridging the gap. Anyone who seeks to apply information theory in the fields of education and psychology very soon comes up against a central diffi culty: in the form in which it was developed by Shannon information theory excludes the semantic aspect. This problem is fundamental for in education, as in psychology, the semantic aspect is the very heart of the matter. Thus, while Attneave, Miller and Quastler, among others, successfully employed the concepts and units of measurement of in formation theory in the interpretation of the findings of experimental psychology, they were obliged to restrict their work to its syntactic and statistical aspects. Before we can make use of the methods and results of information we have to solve the central problem: How can theory in actual teaching, we measure the semantic information of a verbal message? The only way to do this is by extending the theory. A special concept has been deve loped for this purpose: subjective information. In place of an objectively measurable quantity (frequency of sign sequences) we set an empirically determined one: the subjective probability with which the recipient expects a certain sign sequence.

Measurement is the assignment of a number to a characteristic of an object or event, which can be compared with other objects or events. The scope and application of a measurement is dependent on the context and discipline. Measurement is a cornerstone of trade, science, technology, and quantitative research in many disciplines. Historically, many measurement systems existed for the varied fields of human existence to facilitate comparisons in these fields. It focuses on basic issues in measurement and provides a general overview that is not overly specialized. It describes problems in measurement, explains how these problems are approached and solved, surveys a broad range of sources, and provides guidance in how to find, evaluate, and use information about specific tests. This book opens up the broad discipline of Measurement and Evaluation in Psychology and Education with an emphasis on helping students and teachers to understand the concept and theories of the subject and making them expertise in both teaching and learning. The book will also serve as a valuable reference for teachers, teacher-trainees and other processionals at various levels of psychology and education.

First multi-year cumulation covers six years: 1965-70.

Assessment has long been recognized as a key feature in learning efficacy, especially through formative evaluation. Item banking, the storage and classification of test items, is an essential part of systematic assessment. This volume is based on a NATO Advanced Research Workshop held as part of the Special Programme on Advanced Educational Technology. The workshop brought together scholars from around the world to discuss and critically analyze the issues and problems associated with Subjective Probability Measurement (SPM) or the more generic research area called self-assessment. Recent advances in computer technology (expert systems, interactive video disks, and hypermedia) along with the developing sophistication of self-assessment scoring systems based on SPM made this conference particularly important and timely. The book is divided into three main parts: - The input: item banking and hypermedia - The process: subjective probabilities - The output: teaching and learning feedbacks. In summary, although SPM is a difficult theoretical concept for most educators to comprehend, the sophisticated nature of modern computer systems coupled with comprehensive formative and summative evaluation and self-assessment systems make SPM transparent to the user.

The United States Social Security Administration (SSA) administers two disability programs: Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI), for disabled individuals, and their dependent family members, who have worked and contributed to the Social Security trust funds, and Supplemental Security Income (SSSI), which is a means-tested program based on income and financial assets for adults aged 65 years or older and disabled adults and children. Both programs require that claimants have a disability and meet specific medical criteria in order to qualify for benefits. SSA establishes the presence of a medically-determined impairment in individuals with mental disorders other than intellectual disability through the use of standard diagnostic criteria, which include symptoms and signs. These impairments are established largely on reports of signs and symptoms of impairment and functional limitation. Psychological Testing in the Service of Disability Determination considers the use of psychological tests in evaluating disability claims submitted to the SSA. This report critically reviews selected psychological tests, including symptom validity tests, that could contribute to SSA disability determinations. The report discusses the possible uses of such tests and their contribution to disability determinations. Psychological Testing in the Service of Disability Determination discusses testing norms, qualifications for administration of tests, administration of tests, and reporting results. The recommendations of this report will help SSA improve the consistency and accuracy of disability determination in certain cases.

Vols. for 1980- issued in three parts: Series, Authors, and Titles.

Serves as an index to Eric reports [microform].

The chapters in this collection illustrate how current concepts and principles from various disciplines can be viewed from the perspective of their value to educational process thinking. While not providing specific prescriptions for educational problems, the articles provide relevant experimental and theoretical knowledge has accumulated in many fields including learning theory, cognitive development, motivation, and intellectual abilities and attitudes.