This eleventh edition was developed during the encyclopaedia's transition from a British to an American publication. Some of its articles were written by the best-known scholars of the time and it is considered to be a landmark encyclopaedia for scholarship and literary style.

First Published in 2005. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

First Published in 2005. In this book, the author seeks to bring out the causes which led to the coming of machinery and which made Great Britain the workshop of the world for a large part of the nineteenth century. Knowles especially stresses the world position of the United Kingdom during the past century owing to the developments of mechanical transport which were the inevitable outcome of the mass production by machines. This title also aims to account for the great change in public opinion after 1870, which led to the growth of State control, not merely in industry, but in commerce, agriculture, transport and imperial relations.

Small businesses were at the heart of the economic growth and social transformation that characterized the industrial revolution in eighteenth and nineteenth century Britain; this monograph examines the economic, social, and cultural history of some of these forgotten businesses and the men and women who worked in them and ran them.

Why did the industrial revolution take place in 18th century Britain and not elsewhere in Europe or Asia? Robert Allen argues that the British industrial revolution was a successful response to the global economy of the 17th and 18th centuries.

Excerpt from The Industrial and Commercial Revolutions in Great Britain During the Nineteenth Century A new conception of personal liberty emerged and the mass Of the population of Europe became free in the nineteenth century as it had never been free before. Governments had to face new classes and new problems and a new conception Of national policy also emerged. The new methods Of manu facture and transport created new demands for raw materials and food, new areas were opened up, new wants created and new markets developed, so that by the end Of the period the whole globe was knit up in a world economy Of world inter dependence and exchange and world rivalry. The onl) century that can compare with the nineteenth for the rapidity and fundamental nature of its changes is the sixteenth. In this latter century the enormous importance of the discovery of the sea route to India and the two Americas became evident in new trade routes new commercial and colonial rivalries, new struggles among nations, a new mer chant class and a considerable acceleration of the growth of capital with all that it implied in the reorganisation of indus trial and agricultural life. The linking up of Europe with the Indies and the New World was followed by the revolution in economic thought brought about by the Reformation and the substitution of the royal and secular governments for the Church as the directing power in economic life. Of the five countries that may be styled Great Powers in the nineteenth century, viz., England, France, Germany, Russia and the United States, ' only the first two counted as important economic entities in the sixteenth century. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.