Presented alphabetically, this guide to the world of symbolism traces the meanings of symbols across a wide range of cultures. Universal symbols such as the egg, the lion and the dragon are examined, as well as specific symbols from the major religions or bodies of belief, such as Rosicrucianism.

Traditional symbols form a visual shorthand for ideas, yet their functions and meaning extend far beyond that—for thousands of years they have enabled artists and craftsmen to embody and reinforce beliefs about human life in immediate and powerful images. This accessible and comprehensive guide features more than 2,000 major themes from Absinthe to the Zodiac: figures and symbols found in myth, literature and art, as well as those that have entered into the mainstream of everyday life. Covering classical and other mythologies, Biblical themes and traditional symbols from cultures across the world, this wonderful dictionary has thorough yet concise entries on individual animals, plants, objects, supernatural creatures, mythical episodes, miracles, and many other topics.

The Hutchinson Concise Dictionary of Music, in 7,500 entries, retains the breadth of coverage, clarity, and accessibility of the highly acclaimed Hutchinson Encyclopedia of Music, from which it is derived. Tracing its lineage to the Everyman Dictionary of Music, now out of print, it boasts a distinguished heritage of the finest musical scholarship. This book provides comprehensive coverage of theoretical and technical music terminology, embracing the many genres and forms of classical music, clearly illustrated with examples. It also provides core information on composers and comprehensive lists of works from the earliest exponents of polyphony to present-day composers.

Tortoise is the first cultural history of these long-lived and intriguing creatures, which have existed for more than 200 million years. The book covers tortoises worldwide, in evolution, myth and reality, ranging across paleontology, natural history, myth, folklore, art forms, literature, veterinary medicine and trade regulations. The tortoise has been seen as an Atlas-like creature supporting the world, as the origin of music and as a philosophical paradox. Peter Young examines the tortoise in all these guises, as well as a military tactical formation, its exploitation by mariners and others for food, as ornament (in tortoiseshell), as a motif in art, and in space research. He looks at the movement away from exploitation to conservation and even the uses of the tortoise in advertising. As well as examples of species, illustrations from around the world include monuments, sculptures, coins, stamps, objets d’art, drawings, cartoons, advertisements and X-rays. The book will appeal not only to tortoise lovers but also to readers of cultural histories around the world. "Peter Young’s Tortoise, on the other claw, can be warmly recommended."—Jonathan Bate, The Times

The Dictionary of Ancient and Medieval Warfare provides a comprehensive guide to the battles and wars, commanders, tactics, formations, fortifications, and weapons of war in Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, India, China, and Japan from the beginning of recorded history to the 16th century. More than 3,000 entries, written by expert military historians, cover all aspects of warfare from the emergence of the earliest walled cities in the Ancient Near East up to and including the period of European discovery of the New World. The Dictionary is unique, the only work to cover 3,500 years of military history. Expert authors writing in their specialty have created the most comprehensive and accessible reference work ever produced on this subject.

A comprehensive dictionary of scientific facts. It contains the biographies of numerous scientists including the Nobel prize winners; the discoveries of each one; the importance of their specialities and how they set about their work; and also what drove and inspired them as human beings.

International in scope, this dictionary is a one-volume compendium of the concepts and beliefs which have shaped our world; it presents both the people (biographical entries) and the ideas (subject entries).

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