Excerpt from The Finances of American Trade Unions We can easily see that to work successfully, this fiscal arrangement not only requires uniformity of membership dues and benefits in all locals, as with the Community of funds system, but necessitates, as has already been inti mated, approximate uniformity in the quality, skill and earn ings of the membership.22 It has therefore been adopted by few unions, the great majority adhering to the plan of main taining a central fund by taxing the members of each local organization a fixed per capita amount at regular monthly or quarterly intervals. We have already seen that the form of the revenue charge differed somewhat in the oldest organizations. In the Typo graphical Union and in the Journeymen Horseshoers, it consisted of a small percentage of the receipts of local unions; while in the Iron Molders, a fixed sum was levied upon each local, proportioned to the number of delegates that each was entitled to send to the general convention. Both of these methods, however, proved unsatisfactory, and were early replaced by a periodic per capita tax, levied theoretically upon the individual members, but paid directly out of the funds of the local unions. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

Excerpt from The Government of American Trade Unions The large and valuable collection Of trade-union publica tions at the Johns Hopkins University has been used, and other documents at the headquarters Of the national unions have been consulted. Use has been made of the scattered pamphlet literature published particularly during the second quarter Of the nineteenth century. Information gleaned from records has been supplemented by personal interviews with Officials Of most Of the national unions and with officers of local unions in Baltimore, Boston, New York, Chicago, and St. Louis. The author wishes to acknowledge the assistance received at every stage Of the work from Professor Jacob H. Hol lander and Professor George E. Barnett, Of the Johns Hop kins University. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

Excerpt from The Closed Shop in American Trade Unions The primary aim of the present study is to set forth the facts concerning the closed shop. It is proposed, first, to trace the manner in which the closed-shop rule developed among the early trade societies in America, and to disclose the motives which led to its incorporation into trade-union policy. Secondly, the history of the closed-shop movement will be set forth. The relative importance attached to the enforcement of the closed shop at various stages in our industrial development and the efforts which employers have made to check its operation will be shown. Next, the forms of the closed shop as they exist in various unions will be described. This analysis will make clear what the closed shop is and how far exclusion from employment is involved in its working. The manner in which the closed shop is established and the methods by which it is enforced will then engage our attention. When the closed shop has thus been described in detail, it will be possible in succeeding chapters to study its value as a trade-union device and its economic import. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.