This book deals with the theory and experiment of the elementary process of bremsstrahlung, where photons are detected in coincidence with decelerated outgoing electrons. Such experiments allow for a more stringent check of the theoretical work. The main emphasis is laid on electron-atom bremsstrahlung and electron-electron bremsstrahlung, but further bremsstrahlung processes are also dealt with. In the theoretical parts, triply differential cross sections are derived in various approximations, including electron spin and photon-polarization. In the experimental sections, electron-photon coincidence experiments are discussed. These are done partly with transversely polarized electron beams and partly with detectors for the bremsstrahlung linear polarization.

On the one hand, theories of modern physics are very successful in their areas of application. But on the other hand, the irreconcilability of General Relativity (GR) and Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) suggests that these theories of modern physics are not the final answer regarding the fundamental workings of the universe. This monograph takes the position that the key to advances in the foundations of physics lies in the hypothesis that massive systems made up of antimatter are repulsed by the gravitational field of a body of ordinary matter: this hypothesis takes us to an uncharted territory where GR and QED do not hold up. From there the Elementary Process Theory (EPT) is developed: this is a collection of seven generalized process-physical principles that do hold up if the hypothesis is a fact of nature. Using four-dimensionalistic terminology, the EPT abstractly describes an elementary process in the temporal evolution of a massive system that interacts with its environment. The idea is that these elementary processes take place at Planck scale and are essentially all the same, regardless of the type of interaction that takes place: the EPT is thus intended as a candidate for a unifying scheme that applies to all four basic interactions. By mathematical modeling, the relation is explored between the EPT and classical mechanics, quantum mechanics, special relativity and GR.

This book discusses possibilities and perspectives for designing and practical realization of novel intensive gamma-ray crystal-based light sources that can be constructed through exposure of oriented crystals—linear, bent and periodically bent, to beams of ultrarelativistic positrons and electrons. The book shows case studies like the tunable light sources based on periodically bent crystals that can be designed with the state-of-the-art beam facilities. A special focus is given to the analysis of generation of the gamma rays because the current technologies based on particle motion in the magnetic field become inefficient or incapable to achieve the desired gamma rays’ intensities. It is demonstrated that the intensity of radiation from crystal-based light sources can be made comparable to or even higher than what is achievable in conventional synchrotrons and undulators operating although in the much lower photon energy range. By exploring the coherence effects, the intensity can be boosted by orders of magnitude. The practical realization of such novel light sources will lead to the significant technological breakthroughs and societal impacts similar to those created earlier by the developments of lasers, synchrotrons and X-rays free-electron lasers. Readers learn about the underlying fundamental physics and familiarize with the theoretical, experimental and technological advances made during last two decades in exploring various features of investigations into crystal-based light sources. This research draws upon knowledge from many research fields, such as material science, beam physics, physics of radiation, solid-state physics and acoustics, to name but a few. The authors provide a useful introduction in this emerging field to a broad readership of researchers and scientists with various backgrounds and, accordingly, make the book as self-contained as possible.

X-Ray Fluorescence in Biological Sciences Discover a comprehensive exploration of X-ray fluorescence in chemical biology and the clinical and plant sciences In X-Ray Fluorescence in Biological Sciences: Principles, Instrumentation, and Applications, a team of accomplished researchers delivers extensive coverage of the application of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) in the biological sciences, including chemical biology, clinical science, and plant science. The book also explores recent advances in XRF imaging techniques in these fields. The authors focus on understanding and investigating the intercellular structures and metals in plant cells, with advanced discussions of recently developed micro-analytical methods, like energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (EDXRF), total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (TXRF), micro-proton induced X-ray emission (micro-PIXE), electron probe X-ray microanalysis (EPXMA), synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence microscopy (SXRF, SRIXE, or micro-XRF) and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). With thorough descriptions of protocols and practical approaches, the book also includes: A thorough introduction to the historical background and fundamentals of X-ray fluorescence, as well as recent developments in X-ray fluorescence analysis Comprehensive explorations of the general properties, production, and detection of X-rays and the preparation of samples for X-ray fluorescence analysis Practical discussions of the quantification of prepared samples observed under X-ray fluorescence and the relation between precision and beam size and sample amount In-depth examinations of wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence and living materials Perfect for students and researchers studying the natural and chemical sciences, medical biology, plant physiology, agriculture, and botany, X-Ray Fluorescence in Biological Sciences: Principles, Instrumentation, and Applications will also earn a place in the libraries of researchers at biotechnology companies.

The book presents a collection of articles devoted to atmospheric and ionospheric science reported during the Conference “Atmosphere, Ionosphere, Safety” held in Kaliningrad, Russia in July 2010. It consists of reviews devoted to physics of elementary processes, aerosols, ionosphere dynamics, microwave discharges and plasmoids. Such a wide range of topics presents a comprehensive analysis of this atmospheric science including trends and questions which exist to be solved.

Elementary Processes at High Energy, Part A covers the proceedings of the eighth Course of The International School of Subnuclear Physics held in Erice, Italy, in July 1970. The said conference is focused on the study of phenomenological approaches to particle physics as well as other specialized topics in the field. The book is divided into three parts. Part 1 discusses electron position annihilators; weak interactions; and hadron processes at higher energies. Part 2 covers topics such as rigorous results from field theory and unitarity; finite theory of quantum electrodynamics; and models for hadronic reactions. Part 3 topics include gravitation; symmetry principles in physics; and electromagnetic production of hadronic resonances. The text is recommended for physicists, especially those who are interested in the developments in the field of particle physics.

Interest in the problem of interaction between radiation and astrophysical plasmas arose decades ago. Initially, this was closely related to the discovery of radio emission from the Sun and Galaxy which alerted theoretical radio astronomers to the problem of the origin of extra-terrestrial radio emission. It has been found that the observed radio emission from cosmic sources is generated by virtue of the mechanisms which work mainly in plasma (an ionized gas). Recently, the theory of generation and propagation of radiation in astrophysical plasmas has outgrown its parent domain of theoretical radio astronomy and is being successfully applied to other fields, such as high-energy astrophysics. General results obtained in this field may also help to better understand the complicated phenomena in laboratory plasmas on the Earth. At the same time, analysis of interaction between radiation and astrophysical plasmas under extreme conditions (strong magnetic fields of white dwarfs and neutron stars or strong gravitational fields in the vicinity of black holes) stimulates the development of plasma physics as a whole. In fact, the physics of plasma under extreme conditions in space is a new branch of fundamental science. The monograph contains the description of physical processes involved in interaction between radiation and astrophysical plasmas. It comprises the reasonable minimum necessary for understanding the emission and propagation of electromagnetic waves in astrophysical plasmas; without this minimum one could not succeed in interpreting the results of a number of astronomical observations. Audience: This monograph will be useful for graduate and post-graduate students and young scientists as a textbook on plasma astrophysics and the issues of plasma physics dealing with radiation. At the same time, the book can be used by specialists on astrophysics, radio astronomy and plasma physics.