What does it mean to be a citizen? What impact does an active democracy have on its citizenry and why does it fail or succeed in fulfilling its promises? Most modern democracies seem unable to deliver the goods that citizens expect; many politicians seem to have given up on representing the wants and needs of those who elected them and are keener on representing themselves and their financial backers. What will it take to bring democracy back to its original promise of rule by the people? Bernd Reiter’s timely analysis reaches back to ancient Greece and the Roman Republic in search of answers. It examines the European medieval city republics, revolutionary France, and contemporary Brazil, Portugal, and Colombia. Through an innovative exploration of country cases, this study demonstrates that those who stand to lose something from true democracy tend to oppose it, making the genealogy of citizenship concurrent with that of exclusion. More often than not, exclusion leads to racialization, stigmatizing the excluded to justify their non-membership. Each case allows for different insights into the process of how citizenship is upheld and challenged. Together, the cases reveal how exclusive rights are constituted by contrasting members to non-members who in that very process become racialized others. The book provides an opportunity to understand the dynamics that weaken democracy so that they can be successfully addressed and overcome in the future.

Moscovici proposes a new understanding of how gender relations were reformulated by both male and female writers in nineteenth-century France. She analyzes the different versions of gendered citizenship elaborated by Friedrich Hegel, George Sand, Honore de Balzac, Auguste Comte and Herculine Barbin revealing a shift from a single dialectical (or male-centered) definition of citizenship to a double dialectical (or bi-gendered) one in which each sex plays an important role in subject-citizenship and is defined as the negation of the other sex. Moscovici further argues that a double dialectical pattern of androgyny endows women with a (relational) cultural identity that secures their paradoxical roles as both representatives and outsiders to subject-citizenship in nineteenth-century French society and culture.

The Struggle Of The Disadvantage And The Marginalized For Rights As Well As Improved Conditions, And Especially The Rights Of Citizenship, Is A Prominent Thread Running Through The History Of The West. Politicial Theorists Have Been Writing About Citizenship For Over Two Thousand Years, And It Has Been Practiced For Even Longer. No Wonder, Therefore, That The Concept And Status Of Citizenship Have Accumulated A Complex Variety Of Interpretations. However, No Age Before Ours Has Had Such A Widespread And Pressing Need To Understand These Accounts. Modern Citizenship Has Developed Not Only As A Consequence Of Popular Democratic Pressures, But Also In Response To The Ruling-Class S Requirements For Security, A Factor Ignored By Many Theorists Of Citizenship. Today, Citizenship Is Generally Taken To Include A Universal Right To A Level Of Economic And Social Well-Being In Addition To The Rights Of Equality Before The Law And Political Participation. Modern Citizenship, Comprising At Least Universal Civil, Political And Social Rights, Is Not Only Complex But Fraught With Internal Tension As The Distinct Right Which Constitute It Tend To Generate Different And Sometimes Contradictory Pressures. This Book Explains Why An Understanding Of Citizenship Rights Is Important For Social And Political Analysis, And Goes On To Treat Both The Relationship Between The Distinct Elements Of Citizenship And Its Effects On Class Inequality, On Social And Political Integration, And On The Structure And Operation On The State. Current Approaches To Modern Citizenship Began With The Publication By T.H. Marshall S Citizenship And Social Class In 1950. This Book Dealing Directly With The Historical Development Of Modern Citizenship And Its Social And Political Consequences, Offers A Distinctive Interpretation And Critique Of T.H. Marshall S Theory, And Makes A Modest Contribution To The Debate Generated By Marshall. Contents Chapter 1: Introduction; Chapter 2: Rise Of Citizenship, The Idea Of Cosmopolis, Legal Definitions, Equality Or Elitism?, Multiple Citizenship, Parallel Citizenship, Federal Constitution,The European Union; Chapter 3: The Liberal Tradition, Citizenship And Capitalism, Dialectics Of Rights And Duties, The Citizen As Consumer, The Assurance Game; Chapter 4: The Civic Republican Tradition, The General Will And Moral Freedom, Making Citizens Of Men, Purpose Of Citizenship, Style Of Citizenship, Qualities Of Citizenship, Role Of The Citizenship, Forming The Citizenship, Revival And Arguments; Chapter 5: Marshall S Theory Of Citizenship, Giddens Versus Marshall, The Roots Of Modern Citizenship, Citizenship, Rights And Obligations; Chapter 6: Citizenship And Minority Rights, Discourse On Minority Rights, Discourse Over Citizenship, Respecting Diversity, Issues And Tensions In The Face Of Minority Rights, Arguments For Group Rights, Citizenship, Equality And Difference, Bhikhu Parekh And Multiculturalism; Chapter7: Feminism And Citizenship, Globalisation And Feminism, Transforming States, Gendered Transformations, Gender And The Global Division Of Labour, Boundary Defence/Boundary Transgressions, Resisting Identities/Resisting Globalisation, Conclusion: The Way Forward; Chapter 8: Expanding Citizenship, Citizenship And Political Community, Rethinking Social Rights, Intimate Citizenship, World Citizenship And Morality, World Law And The Citizen,World Governance And The Citizen, Cosmopolitan Democracy; Chapter 9: Citizenship And Globalisation, Globalisation And Citizenship, Human Rights And Citizenship, Citizenship Beyond The State, A Postmodern Citizenship; Conclusion, The Revolt Against Politics, The State Versus The Market, Civil Society Versus The State, Citizenship And Nationalism, Citizenship And Need.

Special 2018 Edition From the new Introduction by Michelle Fine, Graduate Center, CUNY : "Why now, you may ask, should I return to a book written in 1988? Because, in Maxine's words: 'When freedom is the question, it is always time to begin.'" In The Dialectic of Freedom, Maxine Greene argues that freedom must be achieved through continuing resistance to the forces that limit, condition, determine, and—too frequently—oppress. Examining the interrelationship between freedom, possibility, and imagination in American education, Greene taps the fields of philosophy, history, educational theory, and literature in order to discuss the many struggles that have characterized Americans’ quests for freedom in the midst of what is conceived to be a free society. Accounts of the lives of women, immigrants, and minority groups highlight the ways in which Americans have gone in search of openings in their lived situations, learned to look at things as if they could be otherwise, and taken action on what they found. Greene presents a unique overview of American concepts and images of freedom from Jefferson’s time to the present. She examines the ways in which the disenfranchised have historically understood and acted on their freedom—or lack of it—in dealing with perceived and real obstacles to expression and empowerment. Strong emphasis is placed on the focal role of the arts and art experience in releasing human imagination and enabling the young to reach toward their vision of the possible. The author concludes with suggestions for approaches to teaching and learning that can provoke both educators and students to take initiatives, to transcend limits, and to pursue freedom—not in solitude, but in reciprocity with others, not in privacy, but in a public space.

Community as the Material Basis of Citizenship addresses community as the site of participation, production, and rights of citizens and brings to bear a profound critique of a collective process that has historically excluded working class communities and communities of color from any real governance. The argument is that the status of citizenship has been influenced by a society that emphasizes the role of property in defining legitimacy and power and therefore idealizes and institutionalizes citizenship from an individualistic perspective. This system puts the onus on the individual citizen to participate in their governance, while the political reality is that organizations and corporations and their interests have great power to influence and govern. The chapters present an exciting departure from the long-standing traditions of the social basis of citizenship. In Community as the Material Basis of Citizenship, Rodolfo Rosales and his contributors argue that citizenship is a communally embedded and/or socially constituted phenomenon. Hence, the unfinished story of American Democracy is not in the equalization of communities but rather in their ability to participate in their own governance - in their empowerment.

Available Open Access under CC-BY-NC licence. Citizenship is always in dispute – in practice as well as in theory – but conventional perspectives do not address why the concept of citizenship is so contentious. This unique book presents a new perspective on citizenship by treating it as a continuing focus of dispute.The authors dispute the way citizenship is normally conceived and analysed within the social sciences, developing a view of citizenship as always emerging from struggle. This view is advanced through an exploration of the entanglements of politics, culture and power that are both embodied and contested in forms and practices of citizenship. This compelling view of citizenship emerges from the international and interdisciplinary collaboration of the four authors, drawing on the diverse disputes over citizenship in their countries of origin (Brazil, France, the UK and the US). The book is essential reading for anyone interested in the field of citizenship, no matter what their geographical, political or academic location.

1970s South Korea is characterized by many as the "dark age for democracy." Most scholarship on South Korea's democracy movement and civil society has focused on the "student revolution" in 1960 and the large protest cycles in the 1980s which were followed by Korea's transition to democracy in 1987. But in his groundbreaking work of political and social history of 1970s South Korea, Paul Chang highlights the importance of understanding the emergence and evolution of the democracy movement in this oft-ignored decade. Protest Dialectics journeys back to 1970s South Korea and provides readers with an in-depth understanding of the numerous events in the 1970s that laid the groundwork for the 1980s democracy movement and the formation of civil society today. Chang shows how the narrative of the 1970s as democracy's "dark age" obfuscates the important material and discursive developments that became the foundations for the movement in the 1980s which, in turn, paved the way for the institutionalization of civil society after transition in 1987. To correct for these oversights in the literature and to better understand the origins of South Korea's vibrant social movement sector this book presents a comprehensive analysis of the emergence and evolution of the democracy movement in the 1970s.

The appeals of citizenship : a performative approach to discourse, subjectivity, and gender -- "We are gaúchos, we are gaúchas" : incitements to gendered and regional subjectivity in the 2002 election campaigns -- Political time in Porto Alegre : electoral citizenship, experimental subjectivities, and gendered self-agency -- Participation speaks louder : ambiguity and contradiction in official representations of citizenship in the Porto Alegre participatory budget -- Cynical citizenship : gendered performance and parody in the Porto Alegre participatory budget -- Invitations to global citizenship, neoliberal critique, and a party : official discourses and local media coverage of the 2003 World Social Forum -- Participation from the periphery : Beira Rio community leaders' perceptions of the 2003 World Social Forum -- Another citizenship (theory) Is possible

This book introduces the concept of semi-citizenship into debates about individuals who hold some but not all elements of full democratic citizenship. Cohen uses theoretical analysis, historical examples, and contemporary cases of semi-citizenship to illustrate how divergent normative and governmental doctrines of citizenship make semi-citizenship inevitable in democratic politics.