Under the United Nations Law of the Sea Convention, States have sovereign rights over the resources of their continental shelf out to 200 nautical miles from the coast. Where the physical shelf extends beyond 200 nautical miles, States may exercise rights over those resources to the outer limits of the continental shelf. More than 80 States may be entitled to claim sovereign rights over their continental shelf where it extends beyond 200 nautical miles from their coast, and the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf is currently examining many of these claims. This book examines the nature of the rights and obligations of coastal States in this area, with a particular focus on the options for regulating activities on the extended continental shelf. Because the extended continental shelf lies below the high seas, the area poses unique legal challenges for coastal States that are different from those faced in respect of the shelf within 200 nautical miles. In addition, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea imposes some specific obligations that coastal States must comply with in respect of the extended continental shelf. The book discusses the development of the concept of the extended continental shelf. It explores a range of issues facing the coastal State in regulating matters such as environmental protection, fishing, bioprospecting, exploitation of non-living resources and marine scientific research on the extended continental shelf. The book proposes a framework for navigating the intersection between the high seas and the extended continental shelf and minimising the potential for conflict between flag and coastal States.

As the world’s coastal states go about dividing up the ocean floor, the work of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf plays an increasingly important role. The Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf: Law and Legitimacy examines the Commission from two different but interrelated perspectives: a legal analysis of the Commission’s decision-making; and a study of normative legitimacy related to the Commission and its procedures. Insights into the history of the development of the concept of the continental shelf in the law of the sea are offered, including an explanation of how the institutionalized method for ascertaining continental shelf limits in the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea came into being. Through a deep-ranging analysis of the Commission and its work, the book introduces a framework for assessing best practices, and will serve as a useful reference for academics, scientists and policymakers alike.

A. The Outer Limits of the Continental Shelf The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (herein- ter the “Convention”) marks the beginning of a new era in the law of 1 the sea. The negotiations for this treaty at the Third United Nations Conference for the Law of the Sea (hereinafter “UNCLOS III”), lasted for nine years, from 1973 to 1982. The Convention regulates the principal aspects of international oceans affairs. It establishes and fixes the limits of maritime zones, provides for the rights and duties of states in these zones, establishes the law app- cable in the international seabed area on the basis of the principle of common heritage of mankind, imposes obligations on states to protect the marine environment, and provides for the means of dispute sett- ment. One of the most contentious and divisive issues at UNCLOS III were the outer limits of the continental shelf. Previously, in the 1958 Con- 2 vention on the Continental Shelf (hereinafter the “1958 Convention”), no limits were established for the continental shelf. States were allowed to claim areas of continental shelves based on their capacity to exploit the mineral resources of the shelf. The legal framework in the 1958 Convention would obviously conflict with the principle of the common heritage of mankind. Delegates realized that limits have to be est- lished, but up to where and on the basis of which principles, was a c- tentious question.

"The last two decates witness a burgeoning interest in the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles (nm). The number of submissions concerning the delineation of the outer limits of the continental shelf to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) far exceeds the original anticipation of the Third United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS III), and coastal States increasingly request international courts and tribunals to delimit the continental shelf beyond 200 nm in addition to maritime zones within 200 nm. The Bangladesh/Myanmar case decided by the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) inaugurated the judicial process of delimiting the continental shelf beyond 200 nm, and in the following years cases concerning the continental shelf beyond 200 nm were launched before the International Court of Justice (ICJ) and Annex VII tribunals under United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) as well"--

Setting the scene, introduction, the United Nations convention o the law of the sea. Methodology, historical methods of positioning at sea. Establish the case, the practical realization of the continental shefl limit. Other issues, deep sea fan issues.

The legal and scientific aspects of continental shelf limits are of growing importance to those concerned with the international law of the sea. It is rare that the current thinking of both leading lawyers and scientists are brought together in one volume. Among the topics raised in this volume are: geomorphology and geology; ridge issues; Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf; shelf resources and current issues, such as the outer limit of the continental shelf in the Arctic Ocean, evaluating U.S. data holdings relevant to the definition of continental shelf limits, delimiting China’s continental shelves and future directions of the International Seabed Authority. Lastly, the Under Secretary General for Legal Affairs, United Nations, H.E. Hans Corell, provides a strategic overview on the challenges in implementing international ocean governance. Another unique feature of the volume is that a CD is placed in the back cover containing visual materials not included in the printed text.

It is only natural for people to be fascinated by the sea. Life originated in the oceans, and more than one-half of the people on Earth reside within 50 miles of the sea. However, even though we have sent explorers to the moon and other regions of space, we still know little about the frontier that surrounds us. The engaging new Life in the Sea set provides young readers with current, accessible information about the sea and its creatures. This comprehensive resource on the ocean's inhabitants presents living things in their physical habitats, emphasizing the relationship between marine biology and marine ecology. Each volume focuses on one specific area of the marine world, discussing its physical characteristics, the living things found there, and the impact humans have on the area. The perfect companion to Facts On File's Life On Earth set (see facing page), this invaluable reference presents a well-rounded view of marine life.

On the Nature of Continental Shelves discusses continental margins using techniques of systems analysis applied on minicomputers. The book describes insights and theories of mechanisms of enhanced primary production at the continental shelves, emphasizing these as the source energy, food, and recreation, and a possible means to detect global change while in its early phases. The text explains circulation, equations of motion, Ekman dynamics, and baroclinic effects of vertical changes in water density. Production in the seas involves the process of photosynthesis by organisms in which instruments on aircraft platforms can measure salinity and chlorophyll fluorescence. During photosynthesis, some of the light energy absorbed by phytoplankton pigments is emitted as fluorescence, at longer wavelengths, which can then detected. Adult fish and crustaceans are mobile and add a biological vector to the physical movement of organisms on the continental shelves. The book examines food limitation and the conditions of the Bering Sea, the Mid-Atlantic, and the Gulf of Mexico. The text also investigates sinking losses, present depocenters, atmospheric forcing, eutrophication, overfishing, and the effects of climate on primary production at the continental shelves. The book can be beneficial for students of meteorology, oceanography as well as to marine ecologists, biologists, and environmentalists.