The "Canadian Diversity Model" A country such as Canada, where conflicts over the nature and boundaries of the political community are constantly debated and negotiated, requires a strong and healthy public sphere. [...] The inclusion and participation of all citizens in the social, economic, cultural and political life of the community is, therefore, the necessary starting point for the successful management of diversity, as well as an end in itself. [...] Debate - about the balance points along each of the four dimensions - and collective choices - about the mix between uniformity and diversity - are crucial to the functioning of the model. [...] The next section demonstrates how these three routes to representation - elections and party politics; civil society and institutions of interest intermediation; and engaging citizens - can both help and hinder the operation of the Canadian diversity model. [...] To be successful, it requires, on an ongoing basis, that Canadians choose a mix between: • heterogeneity and uniformity • individual and group rights • the expectations of constitutional equality and the necessity of a degree of asymmetry • market freedoms and assuring economic security Public space for deliberation that is both participatory and inclusive is needed in a highly diverse society.

It was rejected when Lord Durham proposed it in the first half of the 19th century, again when the Fathers of Confederation chose federal institutions as a means of recognizing and protecting cultural, linguistic and religious diversity, and throughout the 20th century. [...] The need to take into account a range of values makes democracy, and therefore well-functioning and inclusive democratic institutions, absolutely key to the success of the Canadian way. [...] The state, then, is a major player within the repertoire of what we might call the "Canadian diversity model," itself a key foundation of the Canadian citizenship regime.2 The objective of this paper is to provide an analytical framework for understanding the dynamics of this diversity model. [...] For a recent discussion of the history of the policy, see Richard Day, Multiculturalism and the History of Canadian Diversity (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2000). [...] Then we provide a "reading" of one policy, that of the federal government's Multiculturalism policies that have been in place since the early 1970s, to assess how and if they continue to meet the needs of the Canadian diversity model.

This commitment is the common thread running through the four dimensions of choice that describe the lines of tension within the political community. [...] The inclusion and participation of all citizens in the social, economic, cultural and political life of the community is, therefore, the necessary starting point for the successful management of diversity, as well as an end in itself. [...] Debate - about the balance points along each of the four dimensions - and collective choices - about the mix between uniformity and diversity - are crucial to the functioning of the model. [...] The changing balance between economic freedom and economic security has implications for the working of the Canadian diversity model. [...] In the middle decades of the last century, these commitments were most visible in two types of public action: a demonstrated willingness to share the costs of unevenly distributed life risks through both the creation of social programs and the spatial redistribution - or "equalization" - of resources from "have" to "have-not" provinces.

The inclusion and participation of all citizens in the social, economic, cultural and political life of the community is, therefore, the necessary starting point for the successful management of diversity, as well as an end in itself. [...] Debate - about the balance points along each of the four dimensions - and collective choices - about the mix between uniformity and diversity - are crucial to the functioning of the model. [...] Individual Rights - Group Rights Well before the entrenching of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms in 1982, Canadians enjoyed certain fundamental individual freedoms protected by the laws and courts, as well as a commitment to equality. [...] A supposedly "neutral" and context-blind conception of individual rights stands in stark contrast to the principles that informed the creation of the Canadian federation in the 19th century, as discussed above. [...] The balance sought between individual and groups rights is also expressed in Sections 25 and 35 of the Charter, which define a specific set of protections for the group rights of Aboriginal peoples living in Canada.

As the Canadian diversity model evolves in the face of the changing global, political, and social environment, its success will depend upon the extent to which Canadians can collectively choose the mix between heterogeneity and uniformity; between individual and group rights; between the expectations of institutional equality and the necessity of a certain degree of asymmetry; and between market f. [...] These responses have resulted in the embedding of values in institutions - for example, recognition of cultural and social differences in the institutions of federalism, of individual and group rights in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, and of economic freedom and choice in market institutions. [...] Does the Canadian model refer to the resolution of the forces and influences of our past, describe present realities, or embody a direction for the future? It is evident that different communities of Canadians have a different perception of the nature of the country: is accommodation of these differences the essence of the Canadian model?5 Given the relevance of these questions, a response is nece. [...] Thus, in a contest between the right of an individual to advertise in the language of his or her choice or to choose the language of education of his or her children, and the right of the French-language community to guarantee the future of its language, language law comes down squarely on the side of the community. [...] One was the willingness to share the costs of unevenly distributed life risks, both those associated with moments of the life-cycle (childhood, youth, maternity and parenting, old age) and those associated with the "bad luck" of illness, disability, poverty and job loss.32 Therefore, from the 1940s to the end of the 1960s, Canadian governments created the social infrastructure of the citizenship r.

Canadian Multiculturalism @50 offers a critically-informed overview of Canada’s official multiculturalism against a half-century of successes and failures, benefits and costs, contradictions and consensus, and criticism and praise. Admittedly, not a perfect governance model, but one demonstrably better than other models.

A uniquely Canadian approach to multicultural counselling In a country as diverse as Canada, a multicultural counselling approach provides an essential starting point for working with people from different ethnicities, sexualities, gender identities, abilities and religious backgrounds. Bringing Canadian perspectives to the field of multicultural counselling, this collection provides practical approaches to counselling in Indigenous, Asian, Black Canadian, Hispanic, South Asian and LGBTQ2+ communities, among others, along with advice for treating migrant and refugee clients. The third edition of Diversity, Culture and Counselling addresses crucial issues such as systemic racism, immigration policy, climate change, and discriminatory policies, reflecting the many changes that have arisen in Canada since the publication of the second edition. Along with an all-new chapter on counselling during a national crisis, each chapter has been revised to reflect the current state of diversity in Canadian counselling with contributors from a range of backgrounds.