This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

Excerpt from The American Encyclopaedia of Commerce, Manufactures, Commercial Law, and Finance, Vol. 1 Achira. Is a plant of Central and S. America, a species of Guam, with a large esculent root, which yields a quantity of starch said to be supe rior to the ordinary arrow-root. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

Excerpt from The American Encyclopaedia of Commerce, Manufactures, Commercial Law, and Finance, Vol. 1 He has also derived valuable assistance from some distinguished official gentlemen, and from many eminent merchants; and has endeavored, whenever it. was practicable, to base his conclusions upon official documents. In very many instances, however, he has been obliged to adopt less authentic data; and he does not suppose that, amidst conflicting and contradictory statements, he has had sagacity enough to uniformly select those most worthy of being relied upon, or that the inferences he has drawn are always such as the real circumstances of the case would warrant. At all events, he has done his best not to be too much wanting in these respects. It must be well understood that this work is framed with the view, not of instructing the business man in relation to his own immediate and daily pursuits only, but also of placing within his reach information which it is always important, and often necessary, that he should possess, which many engaged in active business might find it exceedingly difficult to procure elsewhere, and which, being presented under an alphabetical arrangement, may be advantageously consulted even by those who have access to more expensive books. In regard to the matter of the work, as distinct from its form, the editor's aim has been to give the greatest possible amount of facts in the smallest number of words. The plan excludes, in general, long essays and treatises; for even those subjects which require considerable space for their proper treatment have, in most cases, been subdivided and discussed under separate heads in a manner which, it is hoped, will be found better adapted for reference than if they had been wholly contained under one title. Thus, while shipping is the subject of one general article, separate heads are devoted to affreightment, master, seamen, tonnage, demurrage, bill of lading, blockade, embargo, salvage, stranding, barratry, and other matters relating to that department. It has, in short, been the leading object throughout, to adapt the work to the wants of mercantile men, - a class to whom ease and rapidity of consultation, if united with accuracy, are matters of pre-eminent importance. Commodities are described under their English names; those which they bear in the other principal languages of Europe being also given when thought useful. The account embraces generally, not only a description of the commodity and its uses, but a notice of its growth or manufacture; of the marks by which its quality and genuineness are ascertained; and, in the case of the most important articles, the progress and present state of the trade, and a description of the machinery used in the latest processes of manufacture. The fiscal laws principally affecting each commodity will be found either under its name, or under other heads to which reference is given, according to circumstances. The rate of customs duties is given at the end of each article. The commercial statistics of the different countries of the world form another leading feature. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works."

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work.This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

The American encyclopædia of commerce, manufactures, commercial law and finance is an unchanged, high-quality reprint of the original edition of 1886. Hansebooks is editor of the literature on different topic areas such as research and science, travel and expeditions, cooking and nutrition, medicine, and other genres. As a publisher we focus on the preservation of historical literature. Many works of historical writers and scientists are available today as antiques only. Hansebooks newly publishes these books and contributes to the preservation of literature which has become rare and historical knowledge for the future.

Excerpt from The American Encyclopædia of Commerce, Vol. 2: Manufactures, Commercial Law, and Finance Kemper, a popular name in Scotland for a competitor among reapers; one who strives to outrun the others in the quantity of work done. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.