Technology, Market Structure and Internationalization discusses the domestic and external factors that impinge upon the process of technological capability building in developing countries and draws policy implications. Specifically, it examines the interaction between technological effort in developing countries. Providing fresh insights, this volume will be of interest to researchers in development economics as well as to those involved with the creation of policy in developing countries.

Technology, Market Structure and Internationalization discusses the domestic and external factors that impinge upon the process of technological capability building in developing countries and draws policy implications. Specifically, it examines the interaction between technological effort in developing countries. Providing fresh insights, this volume will be of interest to researchers in development economics as well as to those involved with the creation of policy in developing countries.

This volume deals with the role and impact of technology on the economy and society. The papers on corporate dimensions address the impact of patents, determinants of innovative activities, differential behaviour of multinationals, industrial groups and other firms with regard to innovations and technology. In contrast, the papers on social dimensions chiefly deal with the role of technology in reducing inequality. The majority of the papers employ econometric techniques and other statistical methods, and many are based on primary data. The studies emphasise the importance of innovations (especially patents) and human capital in influencing productivity across Indian states, the significance of patenting in determining the efficiency of firms, the role of business groups in promoting innovations, differences in the technological characteristics of multinational and domestic firms, and how mergers and acquisitions can promote R&D. The papers on social dimensions analyse how innovative activities can shape employment, the impact of technology on poverty, the socioeconomic characteristics of mobile phone ownerships, use of information and communications technologies at educational institutions, and the influence of Synchronous Technologies in reducing access to teaching programmes./div The studies show that those Indian states that have invested in human capital and technology experienced higher labour productivity. Further, the studies establish a positive correlation between R&D spending and employment. Lastly, they demonstrate that the adoption of agriculture-related technologies can have a significant impact on rural poverty and consumption expenditures.

In this timely and unique study, the innovations in India's information (IT) industry are examined in detail. Globally the IT Industry has experienced phenomenal growth. For many economies, IT is expected to be the engine of growth for many countries. Already in India, the IT industry has made a mark in the global economy. However, India faces major challenges in meeting the basic needs of all its people and simultaneously meeting the requirements of competing in the increasingly globalized post-WTO world economy. The Indian IT sector provides a unique window to understand the process of development in an era of global economic integration. This unique study examines the issues surrounding the analysis of the Indian IT sector on a global, national, regional, firm, and product level and the significance of national policies to sustain the competitiveness of the Indian IT sector.

Despite the mounting criticism that globalization is encountering, the developed countries continue to lose no opportunity to change the rules of the global economy in their favour, regardless of the impact on developing countries and the poor. This book examines one of the most important instances of this: the rich countries' insistence that the WTO not only launch a new round of world trade negotiations, but that rules which were supposed to be confined to trade issues now be extended by means of new agreements protecting foreign direct investment. What is being proposed would be at the expense of the freedom of developing countries to determine their own policies towards foreign capital in tune with their development policy objectives. The two authors of this book have an intimate knowledge of WTO negotiating processes. They explain in detail the North's relentless determination to give privileged protection to the overseas investments of its transnational corporations. These initiatives have included, inter alia, the OECD's failed MAI initiative, the World Bank-sponsored Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency, and the WTO's General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) and Agreement on Trade-related Investment Measures (TRIMS). The authors spell out their consequences for developing countries. They examine whether there is any real case for a new multilateral framework on investment within the WTO. And they propose various options for developing countries to resist what amounts to a new form of Western protectionism, including how a development dimension could be incorporated in any new agreement, should the member countries of the WTO decide to proceed with negotiations. This book provides invaluable information and analysis for diplomats and trade negotiators, policy makers and scholars, as well as civil society activists concerned with the impact of TNC investments on development.

In the past three decades a number of important changes have made international business more complex and exciting. The rapid and continuous changes in information and communications technology (ITC), reduced trade barriers among countries, and regionalization have increased the links and dependency among firms from various countries. This has created opportunities for increasing expansion to new markets and increasing global integration while simultaneously posing many challenges. This book views international business as a complex and integrated system and takes a systems approach to study and analyze the changes thus enabling readers to assess global business opportunities and risk in a comprehensive and integral manner. The topics presented in this book allow practitioners, scholars, and students of international business to have a broad understanding of the most relevant issues in a changing international environment.

The banking and financial sector has expanded dramatically in the last forty years, and the consequences of this accelerated growth have been felt by people around the world. European Banks and the Rise of International Finance examines the historical origins of the financialised world we live in by analysing the transformations in world finance which occurred in the decade from the first oil crisis of 1973, until the debt crisis of 1982. This a crucial and formative decade for understanding the modern financial landscape, but it is still mostly unexplored in economic and financial history. The availability of new archival evidence has allowed for the re-examination of issues such as the progressive privatisation of international financial flows to Less Developed Countries, especially in Latin America and South-East Asia, and its impact on the expansion of the European banking sector, and for the development of an invaluable financial and political history. This book is well suited for those interested in monetary economics and economic history, as well as those studying international political economy, banking history and Financial history.

The International Conference on Chinese Enterprise Research (ICCER) is an annual event organized by the Lien-Chinese Enterprise Research Centre, Nanyang Technological University. Held on 13 and 14 December 2007 at Nanyang Technological University and the Singapore Chinese Chamber of Commerce & Industry respectively, the succeeding ICCER enjoyed immense support from local and international Management scholars, boosting the scale and academic standing of the conference. The conference invited famous keynote speakers, including Professor Zhang Weiying, Dean of Guanghua School of Management, Peking University and Professor Zhao Renwei, former director of the Institute of Economy, Chinese Academy of Social Science. At the same time, attendance also included heads of Nanjing University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Northwest University and Sichuan University's Management and Economics schools, together with research directors and professors of the finest educational institutions. In addition to academic presentations, a panel of prominent economists such as Professor Tan Khee Giap from Nanyang Technological University, Mr Xu Li, General Manager of Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (Singapore) and Mr Jack Niu, Deputy Group Chief Credit Officer, Standard Chartered Bank also deliberated on the topic ?Internationalization of Banks in China?. The keynote speeches, together with a collection of 25 excellent research papers from the conference are presented to the readers in this proceedings.

Im ersten Teil des Buches werden einschlägige Internationalisierungstheorien vorgestellt. Neben traditionellen Konzepten der Internationalisierung (z.B. Produktlebenszyklusansatz von Vernon, Uppsala Modell und Porter’s Diamant Ansatz) wird den moderneren Netzwerkansätzen (z.B. Systemansatz, New Venture bzw. Born Global und Entrepreneurkonzepte) besonderer Stellenwert eingeräumt. Im zweiten Teil werden Alternativen des internationalen Markteintritts (z.B. Exporte, Franchising, Joint Ventures, Auftragsproduktion und Direktinvestitionen) mit Bezug auf elementare Entscheidungsdeterminanten aus Sicht der Unternehmensführung, wie hierarchische Kontrolle, Marktnähe, Investitionsrisiko und dem Faktor Zeit, erläutert. Im empirischen Teil des Buches werden im Resultat einer Langzeituntersuchung Fallstudien asiatischer Firmen der Konsumentenelektronikindustrie, wie beispielsweise Samsung, Sony, Sharp, Matsushita (Panasonic), LG Electronics und TCL China, deren Organisationsstrukturen, Unternehmenskulturen, jeweilige Umsatz- und Gewinnentwicklung, sowie strategische Konzepte zur Marktdurchdringung in Europa erläutert. Ein Schwerpunkt bildet die Darstellung interner (z.B. diversifizierte Geschäftsfelder, vertikale Produktionstiefe) und externer Netzwerke (z.B. Joint Ventures, Zuliefer- und Abnehmercluster sowie Kapitalbeteiligungen) die aus Sicht des Autors wesentlich dazu beitragen, dass sich asiatische Unternehmen im Vergleich zu ihren europäischen Wettbewerbern der Fernsehgeräteindustrie (z.B. Grundig, Thomson oder Philips) in den letzten beiden Jahrzehnten wesentlich erfolgreicher am Markt positioniert haben. In diesem Zusammenhang werden Ziele, Erfolgsfaktoren sowie der strategische Einfluss der involvierten Partnerfirmen, einerseits in bilateralen japanischen Joint Ventures und andererseits, in europäisch - asiatischen Joint Ventures, über einen Zeitverlauf von mehreren Jahren untersucht. Das Buch liefert komplexe Hintergrundinformationen zur Entwicklung des europäischen Fernsehgerätemarktes. Im Ergebnis wird unter anderem nachgewiesen, dass Unternehmen mit den intensivsten Netzwerkaktivitäten auch gleichzeitig technologische Marktführer in ihrem Segment sind. Die Weiterentwicklung der Netzwerktheorie und die ausführlichen Fallstudien mit hohem Aktualitätsanspruch, der wichtigsten asiatischen Unternehmen der Konsumentenelektronikindustrie, prägen den besonderen Wert dieser Publikation. Auf der Basis der gewonnenen Erkenntnisse können darüber hinaus Chancen- und Risikopotentiale für andere europäische Branchen (z.B. Automobilbau) abgeleitet werden. Das in Englisch geschriebene Buch eignet sich hervorragend für Studierende international ausgerichteter Bachelor-, Master- und MBA Studiengänge und bietet vor dem Hintergrund eines globalisierten Wettbewerbs darüber hinaus relevante Industrieeinblicke für interessierte Entscheidungsträger aus Politik und Wirtschaft. The first part of the book introduces relevant theories of internationalization. In addition to traditional concepts of internationalization (e.g., the product life-cycle approach of Vernon, the Uppsala model, and Porter's diamond approach), particular attention is paid to the more modern network approaches of internationalization (e.g., systems, new venture/born global, and entrepreneur concepts). In the second part, alternatives for international market entry (e.g., exports, franchising, joint ventures, contract manufacturing, and foreign direct investments) are explained. These market entry modes are categorized according to decision determinants, such as hierarchical control, proximity to the market, risk of investment, and the factor of time, which are important from the point of view of the corporate management involved in international business. The empirical part of this publication, which is the result of a longitudional study, consists of case studies of Asian firms doing business in the consumer electronics industry. The cases of Samsung, Sony, Sharp, Matsushita (Panasonic), LG Electronics, and TCL China provide fundamental insights into the firms’ organizational structures, corporate cultures, respective sales volume, and earnings performance as well as strategic concepts for their market penetration in Europe. A main emphasis is placed on an understanding of internal firm networks (e.g., diversified business fields and vertical production depth) and external firm networks (e.g., joint ventures, supplier and buyer clusters as well as mutual capital interests). From the author’s view, these network grids fundamentally contribute to the fact that Asian firms have more successfully positioned themselves in the market within the last two decades compared to their European competitors in the television set industry (e.g. Grundig, Thomson, or Philips). The networking aims and success factors as well as the changing strategic influence over the years of the partner firms both in bilateral Japanese joint ventures and in European-Asian joint ventures are examined. The book provides complex background information about the development of the European television set market. The analysis demonstrates that firms holding the position of technological market leaders in their segment simultaneously indicate the most intensive network activities. The further development of the network theory and the detailed and up-to-date case studies of the most important Asian enterprises in the consumer electronics industry contribute to the value of this publication. Furthermore, on the basis of the knowledge gained from this study, chances and risk potentials can be derived for other European industries (e.g., automotive). The book, written in English, is suitable for internationally oriented bachelor’s, master’s and MBA programs. Additionally, against the background of worldwide competition, the publication at hand offers relevant industry insights for interested political and economic decision makers.