1. 1 Purpose of the Study When the Agreement for the Foundation of the European Economic Community (EC Treaty) was extended and changed by the Single European Act (SEA), ratified by all the Member States of the European Community (EC) in July 1987, research and techno logical development were placed for the first time on an equal footing with other politi cal competences of the EC. In the newly added Articles 130 f - q of the EC Treaty the aims and policy measures are clearly formulated, thus giving the EC a real competence to act. The main aim of European research and technological development policy (RID policy) is (according to Article 130f of the SEA) to strengthen the scientific and technical basis of European industry and the development of its international competitiveness, to support transnational cooperation between industry and science, and to integrate the area of research and technological development into the general concept for the realisation of the internal market of the European Community. The main instruments of European RID policy are the "Community Framework Pro grammes", running for several years, in which the aims, priorities and fmancial dimen sions are defmed for a period of four to five years.

Maintaining the innovation capabilities of firms, employees and institutions is a key component for the generation of sustainable growth, employment, and high income in industrial societies. Gaining insights into the German innovation system and the institutional framework is as important to policy making as is data on the endowment of the German economy with factors fostering innovation and their recent development. Germany's Federal Ministry of Education and Research has repeatedly commissioned reports on the competitive strength of the German innovation system since the mid-eighties. The considerable attention that the public and the political, administrative and economic actors have paid to these reports in the past few years proves the strong interest in the assessment of and indicators for the dynamics behind innovation activities. The present study closely follows the pattern of those carried out before. It has been extended, however, to include an extensive discussion on indicators for technological performance and an outline of the key features of the German innovation system.

The evaluation of government programmes and measures in the field of technology policy has gained in significance in Germany over the past decade. A variety of evaluation studies on individual projects or programmes with different aims, approaches and methods are available. Which experiences were gained with the instrument of evaluation in this policy area? Evaluation of Technology Policy Programmes in Germany: demonstrates trends of government policy in Germany; documents experiences with the use of various promotion instruments; represents approaches and methods, used in the past years to test the efficiency of various tools of industrial technology policy and discusses their strengths and weaknesses, and draws conclusions for the further development of the evaluation of technology policy in selected areas. £/LIST£ The book includes contributions by authors from the most highly recognized German institutes and consultants working in the evaluation of technology policy, of interest to policy makers, administrators, as well as researchers, scholars and students of economics, innovation research and public policy.

This edition has been revised and updated to provide a comprehensive and practical guide to science and technology policy in Germany. Combining information on official and corporate bodies and research organizations with analysis of trends, this text includes recent developments in the country, reviewing science and technology in the light of changes made since reunification.

European Problem Areas of Coordinating Research and Development Strategies in Work and Technology Introduction Hans Pomschlegel, Dortmund, Germany 1. Initiative and Organizers During several meetings in Stockholm between the Swedish-German steering group of the Swedish Work Environment Fund (Arbetsmiljofonden) and the Project Ad ministration for Work and Technology (Projekttrager Arbeit und Technik) of the DLR it was common opinion that the coordination of some programme areas and projects of both sides, and the cooperation within them, showed good progress and fruitful results. Contacts and cooperation between research institutions and researchers were also well underway. But there was never time to discuss political, strategic and operational approaches in the formulation, interpretation and implementation of research and development (R&D) strategies in the common fields of activities, labelled "quality of working life", "humanization", anthropocentric design concepts, work and technology, to mention the most common terms in English. Last year the Sozialakademie Dortmund proposed to the Swedish and German parties to organize a workshop devoted to this cause. The idea was immediately taken up; the German side suggested that such a gathering should not only express German and Swedish voices but should be extended to a wider, European forum. The workshop could then better deal with the relations between the relevant national, European and possibly international programmes. It would allow deeper insights into the underlying political structures and mechanisms, the system of cooperation and conflict solving between publicly financed programmes, promoted institutions and expected results.

Focusing on East Germany’s capacity to innovate and diffuse technology, this book sheds light on the technological gap that has developed between the two Germanies. Dr. Bentley compares the sophistication of GDR and FRG technology in different industrial branches, evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of the GDR’s research and development system, compares the R&D effort of the two Germanies, and discusses the government policies that affected technological change in GDR industry from 1945 to 1975. He identifies and analyzes hindrances to research, innovation, and diffusion in the fields of planning, organization, economic stimulation, and ideology, and looks at the formation of interest groups. He also compares evidence from the GDR with data from other countries, including the USSR.