This book provides a comprehensive and authentic guide on key Business Laws, including: • Indian Contract Act, 1872 • Sale of Goods Act, 1930 • Limited Liability Partnership Act, 2008 This book aims to impart fundamental working knowledge of essential business laws relevant to general business activities in both physical and virtual spaces. It includes relevant case laws to enhance understanding. This book is designed to meet the needs of students enrolled in undergraduate courses in commerce and management, particularly: • B.Com. (Hons.) Core Paper BCH: DSC – 1.2, based on the Undergraduate Curriculum Framework (UGCF) for Delhi University • B.Com. (Prog.) Core Paper BC: DSC 1.2, based on the UGCF for Delhi University • Non-Collegiate Women's Education Board • School of Open Learning of the University of Delhi • Various Central Universities throughout India • BBA, MBA, CA-Intermediate (IPC), and Company Secretaries courses The Present Publication is the 12th Edition, authored by Sushma Arora, and includes the following noteworthy features: • [Highlights of the 12th Edition] o Revised and Updated Text – The content has been thoroughly revised and updated to reflect the latest changes in business laws o Indian Contract (Amendment) Bill, 2024 – The amended definition of coercion as per Section 15 of the Indian Contract (Amendment) Bill, 2024, dated February 2, 2024, has been added in Chapter 5 o Replacement of IPC, CrPC, and Evidence Act – The Indian Penal Code (IPC) has been replaced with the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) with the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), and the Indian Evidence Act with the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (BSA). These new laws will come into effect from July 1, 2024. Key provisions of BNS and brief descriptions of the other two Acts are provided in Chapter 6 o Companies Act Provisions Applicable to LLP – The Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA), via Notification No. G.S.R. 110(E), dated February 11, 2022, has made certain sections of the Companies Act 2013 applicable to Limited Liability Partnerships (LLP). These sections are covered in Chapter 19 o Limited Liability Partnership (Second Amendment) Rules, 2023 – The MCA, via Notification No. G.S.R. 644(E), issued on September 4, 2023, substituted Forms 3 and 4 in the Limited Liability Partnership Rules, 2009. These changes are included in Chapter 20 o Limited Liability Partnership (Third Amendment) Rules, 2023 – On October 27, 2023, the Central Government notified the Limited Liability Partnership (Third Amendment) Rules, 2023, which include major changes such as maintaining a register of partners and providing declarations disclosing beneficial interest. These amendments are added in Chapter 21 o Practical Exercises – Practical exercises as per the New Education Policy have been included before the DU question papers section. These exercises, including case studies on Caveat Emptor under UNIT 4, Sale of Goods Act, 1930, aim to provide practical exposure o Content Enrichment – Content in some chapters has been enriched to provide a more comprehensive understanding. • [Simple & Systematic Presentation] The subject matter is presented systematically and straightforwardly, along with comprehensive explanations • [Examples & Case Studies from Landmark Rulings] This book offers extensive coverage of business laws with interesting examples and case studies derived from landmark rulings. It also covers case laws recommended by the Department of Commerce, Delhi University • [Test Questions | Practical Problems | True/False Statements] At the end of each chapter, test questions, practical problems, and true/false statements with hints are provided to give students thorough practice in solving examination questions • [Previous Exam Question Papers] The book includes previous exam question papers from the last few years to help students understand the types of questions usually asked • [Student-Oriented Book] Developed with student interaction in mind, this book incorporates feedback and responses from classroom experiences shaped by the author's extensive teaching experience at various levels The contents of this book are as follows: • Indian Contract Act, 1872 o Nature, Meaning, Essentials, and Kinds of Contract § This chapter introduces the Indian Contract Act, detailing its extent and commencement and addressing the limitations of the Act. It defines what constitutes a contract, emphasising that while all contracts are agreements, not all agreements qualify as contracts. The essentials of a valid contract are thoroughly discussed, highlighting key aspects such as the nature of contracts, their classification, and significant distinctions in contract law. § Practical examples, test questions, and true/false statements are included to reinforce learning. o Offer and Acceptance § This chapter explains the concepts of offer and acceptance, which are critical to forming a contract. It defines a valid offer, differentiates between an offer and an invitation to offer, and categorises different offers. The chapter also covers the importance of special terms in contracts and the enforceability of agreements in the future. It discusses the elements of valid acceptance, communication protocols, and the revocation of offers and acceptances. § Practical scenarios like contracts made via telephone, telex, fax, or email are also examined. § Test questions, practical problems, and true/false statements are provided to aid understanding. o Consideration § Here, the concept of consideration is explored, defining what constitutes valid consideration and its essentials. The rule of 'no consideration, no contract' is explained along with its exceptions. The doctrine of privity of contract is discussed to illustrate who can enforce a contract. § To ensure thorough comprehension, the chapter is supplemented with test questions, practical problems, and true/false statements. o Competency of the Parties to Contract § This chapter discusses the legal capacity of parties to enter into a contract, explaining who is competent to contract, including minors, persons of unsound mind, and disqualified persons. It discussed the nature of minors' agreements and the law relating to such agreements. § The chapter includes test questions, practical problems, and true/false statements to facilitate practical understanding. o Free Consent § Free consent is crucial for a valid contract, and this chapter defines consent and free consent, addressing factors that vitiate free consent, like coercion, undue influence, fraud, misrepresentation, and mistake. It explains the features, effects, and distinctions between these factors. § Case studies, practical examples, test questions, and true/false statements are included. o Legality of Object and Consideration § This chapter outlines what makes an object or consideration lawful or unlawful, discussing the public policy doctrine and its application. Agreements opposed to public policy and the effects of illegal agreements are examined. § Practical problems, test questions, and true/false statements are provided to illustrate these concepts. o Void Agreements and Contingent Contracts § The nature of void agreements and contingent contracts is explained in this chapter. It covers expressly declared void agreements, collateral transactions, and the doctrine of restitution. The rules regarding the performance of contingent contracts and the distinction between wagering agreements and contingent contracts are discussed. § This chapter includes practical problems, test questions, and true/false statements. o Quasi Contracts § Quasi-contracts are analysed, and their rationale and various types are defined. § The chapter includes practical examples and test questions to help students understand quasi-contracts' theoretical and practical aspects. • Discharge of Contract and Remedies for Breach of Contract o Discharge of Contract § This chapter discusses the various modes of discharging a contract, including performance, agreement, impossibility, lapse of time, breach, and operation of law. It provides a detailed examination of each mode and its implications. § Test questions and true/false statements are included to test comprehension. o Remedies for Breach of Contract § The remedies available for breach of contract are detailed in this chapter, including damages, rescission, quantum meruit, specific performance, and injunction. § Each remedy is explained with examples, and practical problems, test questions, and true/false statements are provided to reinforce understanding. • Introduction to Special Contracts o Indemnity and Guarantee § This chapter introduces contracts of indemnity and guarantee, discussing their essentials, rights, and liabilities of the parties involved. Distinctions between indemnity and guarantee, types of guarantees, and the revocation of continuing guarantees are explained. § Test questions, practical problems, and true/false statements are included. o Contract of Bailment and Pledge § The concepts of bailment and pledge are covered in this chapter, explaining their essentials, types, rights, and duties of bailors and bailees and the distinctions between bailment and pledge. § The chapter includes practical problems, test questions, and true/false statements. o Contract of Agency § Agency contracts are analysed in this chapter, defining agents and principals, the creation and termination of the agency, and the rights and duties of agents and principals. Distinctions between sub-agents and substituted agents are also discussed. § This chapter includes test questions, practical problems, and true/false statements. • Sale of Goods Act, 1930 o Nature and Formation of Contract of Sale § This chapter explains the provisions of the Sale of Goods Act, defining key terms and the essentials of a valid contract of sale. It discusses the classification of goods, the effect of the perishing of goods, and the ascertainment of price. § Test questions, practical problems, and true/false statements are provided. o Conditions and Warranties § The distinctions between conditions and warranties, their implications, and the doctrine of caveat emptor are covered in this chapter. § It includes test questions, practical problems, and true/false statements to reinforce learning. o Transfer of Property § Rules regarding the transfer of property, the principle of 'nemo dat quod non-habet' (sale by non-owners), and the implications of these rules are discussed in this chapter. § Practical problems, test questions, and true/false statements are included. o Performance of Contract of Sale § This chapter explains the meaning and modes of delivery, the rules relating to the delivery of goods, and the rights and duties of buyers and sellers. § Test questions and true/false statements are provided to aid understanding. o Unpaid Seller and His Rights § The rights of unpaid sellers, including lien, stoppage in transit, and resale, are discussed in this chapter, along with the remedies available to buyers against sellers. § Test questions, practical problems, and true/false statements are included. • Limited Liability Partnership Act, 2008 o Introduction to LLP – Nature and Scope § This chapter introduces the Limited Liability Partnership (LLP) Act, explaining the need for LLPs, their objectives, global scenarios, prospective users, and legal framework. Key features and comparisons with other business forms are discussed. § Test questions and true/false statements are provided. o Formation and Incorporation of LLP § The prerequisites and process for incorporating an LLP, recent amendments, and the provisions relating to the name and registered office of an LLP are covered in this chapter. § Test questions and true/false statements are included. o Partners and Their Relations in LLP § This chapter explains who can be a partner in an LLP, the rights and duties of partners, the extent of liability, and the process of ceasing to be a partner. The concept of whistleblowing and the contribution of partners are also discussed. § Test questions and true/false statements are provided. o Conversion into LLP § The procedures for converting a partnership firm, private company, and unlisted public company into an LLP are detailed in this chapter. § Test questions and true/false statements are included to aid comprehension. • Practical Exercises o Practical exercises are provided for each unit, covering various scenarios to help students apply theoretical knowledge to real-life situations. These exercises are designed to provide practical exposure and are followed by question papers from previous years to help students prepare for exams effectively.

This comprehensive and authentic textbook offers an extensive understanding of business-related legal principles. With clear explanations, practical examples, detailed case studies, and comprehensive chapter-end resources, it is a critical tool for students aiming to excel in business law. The author's extensive experience teaching Business Laws at Shri Ram College of Commerce has been instrumental in writing this book, ensuring it meets the highest academic and professional standards. This book is designed for the B.Com. (Hons.)/B.Com. Core Papers BCH: DSC 1.2 & BC: DSC 1.2, this book is based on the Undergraduate Curriculum Framework (UGCF) for the University of Delhi, Non-Collegiate Women's Education Board (NCWEB), and the School of Open Learning (SOL) of the University of Delhi. Additionally, it is a valuable resource for various universities across India and highly beneficial for students pursuing BBA, MBA, CA-Intermediate, and other professional courses. The Present Publication is the 14th Edition, authored by Bhushan Kumar Goyal and Dr Kinneri Jain, with the following noteworthy features: • [Comprehensive Coverage] o The textbook covers all essential legal rules and principles o Detailed illustrations using relevant examples and court cases from both Indian and English jurisprudence make complex concepts accessible and easy to understand • [In-Depth Court Case Explanations] o Each court case is explained in detail, with extensive analysis of legal precedents and applications o These explanations facilitate a better understanding and retention of legal principles • [Extensive Chapter-end Resources] o A wide array of theoretical questions, true/false questions, and multiple-choice questions are provided at the end of each chapter o Practical problems are included to help students assess their understanding and apply legal principles to real-world scenarios • [Leading Cases Summarized] o Summaries of leading cases are provided chapter-wise at the beginning of the book for quick reference and review • [Incorporation of Latest Legal Provisions] o The book includes the latest provisions of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016, ensuring that students are up-to-date • [User-Friendly Layout and Presentation] o Distinctions and comparisons are presented in tabular form for easy reference and understanding • [Experienced Authorship] o Authored by seasoned educators with extensive experience in teaching business laws, the book reflects a deep understanding of the subject matter o The authors' expertise ensures that the content is both authoritative and pedagogically sound The detailed contents of the book are as follows: • General Principles of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 o Introduction § Provides an overview and significance of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 § Discusses the historical background and evolution of contract law in India o Nature and Kinds of Contracts § Explains the classification of contracts based on their formation, performance, and enforceability § Discusses various types of contracts, including valid, void, and voidable contracts o Offer and Acceptance § Covers the rules governing the formation of a contract § Details the essential elements of a valid offer and acceptance, including communication, revocation, and lapse of offers o Consideration § Defines consideration and its necessity in a contract § Explains the legal requirements and exceptions to the rule of consideration o Capacity of Parties § Examines the legal capacity of individuals and entities to enter into a contract § Discusses capacity-related issues such as minors, persons of unsound mind, and disqualified persons o Free Consent § Highlights the importance of consent in contract formation § Analyzes factors vitiating free consent, such as coercion, undue influence, fraud, misrepresentation, and mistake o Legality of Object and Consideration § Outlines the legal requirements for a valid contract § Explains illegal and immoral agreements and those opposed to public policy o Agreements Expressly Declared Void § Identifies and analyzes agreements that are expressly declared void by law o Contingent Contracts § Defines and explains the nature of contingent contracts § Discusses the rules governing the enforcement of contingent contracts o Quasi Contracts or Certain Relations Resembling those created by Contract § Introduces the concept and legal framework of quasi-contracts § Describes types of quasi-contracts and their implications in law • Discharge of Contract and Remedies for Breach o Discharge of Contract § Analyses various modes of discharging a contract, including performance, agreement, impossibility, and operation of law § Provides a detailed explanation of doctrines such as the frustration of contract o Remedies for Breach of Contract § Discusses legal remedies available for breach of contract, including damages, specific performance, and injunctions § Covers liquidated damages and penalty clauses • Introduction to Special Contracts o Contracts of Indemnity and Guarantee § Explains the nature and scope of indemnity and guarantee contracts § Highlights the rights and duties of indemnifier, indemnified, surety, and principal debtor o Bailment and Pledge § Discusses the legal aspects and types of bailment § Outlines the rights and duties of bailor, bailee, pawnor, and pawnee o Agency § Covers principles governing the relationship of agency § Details the rights, duties, and liabilities of agents and principals • Sale of Goods Act, 1930 o Contract of Sale of Goods § Explains the essentials of a valid sale contract § Distinguishes between sale and agreement to sell o Conditions and Warranties § Differentiates between conditions and warranties § Describes implied conditions and warranties in a contract of sale o Transfer of Property § Outlines rules regarding the transfer of ownership and risk in goods § Discusses the concept of sale by non-owners o Performance of Contract of Sale § Details the obligations of buyers and sellers regarding the delivery and acceptance of goods o Remedies for Breach of Contract of Sale § Explains legal remedies available to buyers and sellers in case of breach o Auction Sale § Provides a legal framework and rules governing auction sales • Limited Liability Partnership Act, 2008 o Nature of Limited Liability Partnership § Introduces the concept, features, and advantages of LLPs § Compares LLPs with other forms of business organizations o Incorporation of Limited Liability Partnership § Outlines the procedure and statutory requirements for incorporating an LLP o Partners and Their Relations § Details the rights, duties, and liabilities of partners in an LLP § Discusses internal governance and mutual rights of partners o Financial Disclosures § Covers statutory financial reporting and disclosure requirements for LLPs o Conversion to LLP § Explains the process and legal implications of converting existing businesses into LLPs

The book aims to introduce the core concepts of Business Laws in a student-friendly manner. It is organised into seven divisions, covering a wide range of topics essential for understanding the legal environment in which Indian businesses operate. It is prepared exclusively for the Foundation Level of Chartered Accountancy Examination requirement and covers the revised syllabus per ICAI. The Present Publication is the 8th Edition for CA-Foundation | New Syllabus | Sept.2024/Jan. 2025 Exams. This book is authored by CA Shashank S. Sharma, with the following noteworthy features: • [Simple & Lucid Language] has been used throughout the book to present the subject matter • [Coverage] of this book includes: o Previous Exam Solved Paper for CA Foundation, including the June 2024 Exam o Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) o Theoretical Questions o Practice Questions o Questions in the Pattern of Case Studies • [Answers & Hints] for writing, the answers are given in this book • [Student-Oriented Book] The authors have developed this book keeping in mind the following factors: o Interaction of the authors with their students, with specific emphasis on difficulties faced by students in the examinations o Shaped by the author's experience of teaching the subject matter at different levels o Reactions and responses of students have also been incorporated at different places in the book Contents of this book are as follows: • Introduction o Indian Regulatory Framework • Indian Contract Act, 1872 o Nature of Contract o Consideration o Other Essential Elements of a Contract o Performance of Contract o Breach of Contract and its Remedies o Contingent and Quasi Contract o Contract of Indemnity and Guarantee o Contract Of Bailment and Pledge o Contract of Agency • Sale of Goods Act, 1930 o Formation of Contract of Sale o Conditions and Warranties o Transfer of Ownership and Delivery of Goods o Rights of Unpaid Seller and Buyer • Indian Partnership Act, 1932 o General Nature of Partnership o Relations of Partners o Registration & Dissolution of Firm • Limited Liability Partnership Act, 2008 o Limited Liability Partnership Act, 2008 • Companies Act, 2013 o Companies Act, 2013 • Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881

This second edition of financial accounting continues to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date coverage of key concepts of accounting and their application in practice. Written in a friendly, easy-to-understand style and the author's proven self-study approach, this book takes the intimidation out of financial accounting and helps you learn the conceptual and practical financial accounting skills relevant to recording of various kinds of business transactions.

This book is a comprehensive & authentic textbook on ‘Cyber Crimes & Laws’. This book aims to fulfill the requirement of the following students • B.Com./B.Com. (Hons.) under CBCS Programme 𝚘 B.Com: Semester-III | Paper BC 3.4 (B) | Cyber Crimes and Laws 𝚘 B.Com. (Hons.): Semester-IV | Paper BCH 4.5(F) | Cyber Crimes and Laws • Non-Collegiate Women’s Education Board • School of Open Learning of University of Delhi • Various Central Universities throughout India. The Present Publication is the 4th Edition, authored by Sushma Arora & Raman Arora, with the following noteworthy features: • The subject-matter is presented in a simple, systematic method along with comprehensive explanation of the concept and theories underlying basic financial accounting. • [Student-Oriented Book] This book has been developed, keeping in mind the following factors: 𝚘 Interaction of the author/teacher with his/her students in the class-room 𝚘 Shaped by the author/teachers experience of teaching the subject-matter at different levels 𝚘 [Specific Emphasis] Reaction and responses of students have been incorporated at different places in the book • [Comprehensive Coverage of the Laws] with interesting examples/case studies derived from landmark rulings • [Test Question, True/False Statements & Projects] are given at the end of each chapter to provide students a thorough practice in solving examination questions • Contents of this book is as follows: 𝚘 Unit I – Cyber Crimes • Cyber Crimes: Meaning, Categories and Kinds 𝚘 Unit II – Definitions under IT Act, 2000 and Contemporary Business Issues in Cyber Space 𝚘 Unit III – Electronic Records 𝚘 Unit IV – Regulatory Framework 𝚘 Unit V – Case Laws 𝚘 Past Examination Papers • B.Com. CBCS SEM-III (November 2016) • B.Com. (H) CBCS SEM-IV (May-June 2017) • B.Com. (H) CBCS SEM-IV (May-June 2018) • B.Com. CBCS SEM-III (November 2018) • BA (Prog.) SEM-III (November 2018) • B.Com. SEM-III (November 2019) • BA (Prog.) SEM-III (November 2019) • B.Com. CBCS SEM-III (December 2020)

This Book Deals With The Fundamental Branches Of Business Law, Namely, Law Of Contract, Law Of Sale Of Goods, Law Of Partnership, Law Of Negotiable Instruments And Law Of Information Technology. Its Contents Have Been Extracted From The Author'S Reputed Title Mercantile Law That Has Gained Tremendous Readership Over The Years. Business Law Is Intended To Serve As A Textbook For The Students Of B.Com (Hons & Pass), Ca Common Proficiency Test (Cpt), Ca Professional Competence Course (Pcc), Cs Foundation Programme, Icwa Intermediate, Mba And Also For Those Appearing For Banking And Competitive Examinations.