Globalization and industrialization involve a number of reactions, products, extractions, and separations that require the use of organic solvents. These solvents are responsible for a number of ecological concerns, including atmospheric and land toxicity. Conventional organic solvents are regarded as volatile organic compounds; some are even limited due to their potential for ozone layer depletion. While supercritical liquids exhibit physical properties that could make them ideal substitutes for these volatile compounds, there is particular interest in the use of carbon dioxide as a solvent of crude material. In particular, carbon dioxide has apparent ‘green’ properties, like its noncombustible nature, the fact that it is generally nonpoisonous, and its relative inertness. Thus, the use of supercritical carbon dioxide can provide practical improvements to the sustainability of industrial products and processes. This book provides in-depth literature in the area of industrial green processes, focusing on the separation, purification, and extraction of compounds utilizing supercritical carbon dioxide as a green solvent.

The environmental and climate program demands technological solutions in the chemical industry that incorporate prevention of pollution. Major advances are needed to reduce the use of organic solvents, such as methanol, toluene, xylene, methyl ethyl ketone, and dichloromethane, which account for 27 percent of total toxics release inventory chemical

This book details progress in use of supercritical water (SCW) to synthesize nano- and micro- oxides, inorganic salts and metal particles, and shows how polymer/biomass particles can be produced by the precipitation of solutes from SCW.

This title analyzes the chemical reactions, structures and fundamental properties of supercritical fluid systems for the production of new compounds, nanomaterials, fibers, and films. It complies contemporary research and technological advances for increased selectivity and reduced waste in chemical, industrial, pharmaceutical, and biomedical applications. Topics include fluid dynamics, catalysis, hydrothermal synthesis, surfactants, conducting polymers, crystal growth, and other aspects and applications of supercritical fluids.

The reader will be introduced to various aspects of the fundamentals of nanotechnology based drug delivery systems and the application of these systems for the delivery of small molecules, proteins, peptides, oligonucleotides and genes. How these systems overcome challenges offered by biological barriers to drug absorption and drug targeting will also be described.

Supercritical fluid carbon dioxide (sc-CO2) possesses both gas-like and liquid-like properties. It is capable of depositing nanoparticles in small structures and poorly wettable substrates. Deposition and array formation of metal and metal sulphide nanoparticles on various substrates using sc-CO2 as a medium has been a subject of considerable interest for researchers in nanomaterials area in recent years. This handbook begins by exploring nanoparticle deposition using supercritical fluid carbon dioxide. Further topics in this handbook include separation of oils using supercritical carbon dioxide; the application of an integrated supercritical extraction and impregnation process for incorporation of thyme extracts into different carriers; supercritical fluid extraction application on dairy products and by-products; and supercritical fluid technology applications in pharmaceutical drug formulations.

This book provides deep insights on the fundamentals, applications and perspectives of the Supercritical AntiSolvent (SAS) Precipitation Process. Chapter 1 provides recent (2013-2018) reports on the use of supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) antisolvent for micronization, coprecipitation and fractionation of high-value products for the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Chapter 2 discusses another variant of the SAS precipitation process called Supercritical fluid extraction of emulsions (SFEE). This chapter provides recent data from 2016-2018 reports investigation of supercritical extraction of emulsions (SFEE) to encapsulate compounds of great interest to the food and non-food industry. Chapter 3 details the design and construction of a SAS Precipitation equipment. Chapter 4 presents experimental results regarding the validation of the supercritical particle formation equipment. Chapter 5 shows the effects of process parameters during particle precipitation using Combined High Turbulence Extraction Assisted by Ultrasound and Supercritical Antisolvent Fractionation (SAF) processes applied to semi-defatted annatto seeds, as a model raw material plant, were investigated. Chapter 6 shows experimental results regarding the process Ultrasound Emulsification Assisted by Nitrogen Hydrostatic Pressure (UEANHP), during the emulsification preparation step of the Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Emulsions (SFEE) process, one of the options of the SAS Precipitation-based process. Finally, Chaptesr 7 and 8 present some perspectives about the economics and process integration with other processes aiming the development of novel conceptual biorefinering approaches for plant materials valorization.

This text provides an introduction to supercritical fluids with easy-to-use Excel spreadsheets suitable for both specialized-discipline (chemistry or chemical engineering student) and mixed-discipline (engineering/economic student) classes. Each chapter contains worked examples, tip boxes and end-of-the-chapter problems and projects. Part I covers web-based chemical information resources, applications and simplified theory presented in a way that allows students of all disciplines to delve into the properties of supercritical fluids and to design energy, extraction and materials formation systems for real-world processes that use supercritical water or supercritical carbon dioxide. Part II takes a practical approach and addresses the thermodynamic framework, equations of state, fluid phase equilibria, heat and mass transfer, chemical equilibria and reaction kinetics of supercritical fluids. Spreadsheets are arranged as Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) functions and macros that are completely (source code) accessible for students who have interest in developing their own programs. Programming is not required to solve problems or to complete projects in the text. - Property worksheets/spreadsheets that are easy to use in learning environments - Worked examples with Excel VBA Worksheet functions allow users to design their own processes - Fluid phase equilibria and chemical equilibria worksheets allow users to change conditions, study new solutes, co-solvents, chemical systems or reactions

Nanoparticle technology, which handles the preparation, processing, application and characterisation of nanoparticles, is a new and revolutionary technology. It becomes the core of nanotechnology as an extension of the conventional Fine Particle / Powder Technology. Nanoparticle technology plays an important role in the implementation of nanotechnology in many engineering and industrial fields including electronic devices, advanced ceramics, new batteries, engineered catalysts, functional paint and ink, Drug Delivery System, biotechnology, etc.; and makes use of the unique properties of the nanoparticles which are completely different from those of the bulk materials.This new handbook is the first to explain complete aspects of nanoparticles with many application examples showing their advantages and advanced development. There are handbooks which briefly mention the nanosized particles or their related applications, but no handbook describing the complete aspects of nanoparticles has been published so far.The handbook elucidates of the basic properties of nanoparticles and various nanostructural materials with their characterisation methods in the first part. It also introduces more than 40 examples of practical and potential uses of nanoparticles in the later part dealing with applications. It is intended to give readers a clear picture of nanoparticles as well as new ideas or hints on their applications to create new materials or to improve the performance of the advanced functional materials developed with the nanoparticles.* Introduces all aspects of nanoparticle technology, from the fundamentals to applications.* Includes basic information on the preparation through to the characterization of nanoparticles from various viewpoints * Includes information on nanostructures, which play an important role in practical applications.

Using SuperCritical Fluids (SCFs) in various processes is not new, because Mother Nature has been processing minerals in aqueous solutions at critical and supercritical pressures for billions of years. Somewhere in the 20th century, SCFs started to be used in various industries as working fluids, coolants, chemical agents, etc. Written by an international team of experts and complete with the latest research, development, and design, Advanced Supercritical Fluids Technologies is a unique technical book, completely dedicated to modern and advanced applications of supercritical fluids in various industries.Advanced Supercritical Fluids Technologies provides engineers and specialists in various industries dealing with SCFs as well as researchers, scientists, and students of the corresponding departments with a comprehensive overview of the current status, latest trends and developments of these technologies.Dr Igor Pioro is a professor at the University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Canada, and the Founding Editor of the ASME Journal of Nuclear Engineering and Radiation Science.